Development of a Questionnaire for Assessing Dependence on Electronic Cigarettes Among a Large Sample of Ex-Smoking E-cigarette Users

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Abstract

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are becoming increasingly popular, but little is known about their dependence potential. This study aimed to assess ratings of dependence on electronic cigarettes and retrospectively compare them with rated dependence on tobacco cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smokers who switched to e-cigs.

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Most cited references 23

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The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Todd F Heatherton, Lynn T. Kozlowski, Richard Frecker … (1991)

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E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: a review and comparison.

Tzy-Haw Wu, Katie Chapman (2014)

Perceived safer than tobacco cigarettes, prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is increasing. Analyses of cartridges suggest that e-cigarettes may pose health risks. In light of increased use and the potential for consequences, we searched Google Scholar and Pubmed in July of 2013 using keywords, such as e-cigarette and vaping, to compare differences and similarities in prevalence and correlates of e-cigarette use among adolescents (grades 6-12) versus adults (aged ≥18 years). Twenty-one studies focused on e-cigarette use. Ever-use increased among various age groups. In 2011, ever-use was highest among young adults (college students and those aged 20-28; 4.9%-7.0%), followed by adults (aged ≥18; 0.6%-6.2%), and adolescents (grades 6-12 and aged 11-19; <1%-3.3%). However, in 2012 adolescent ever-use increased to 6.8% and, among high school students, went as high as 10.0%. While the identified common correlate of e-cigarette use was a history of cigarette smoking, a notable proportion of adolescents and young adults who never smoked cigarettes had ever-used e-cigarettes. E-cigarette use was not consistently associated with attempting to quit tobacco among young adults. Adults most often reported e-cigarettes as a substitute for tobacco, although not always to quit. Reviewed studies showed a somewhat different pattern of e-cigarette use among young people (new e-cigarette users who had never used tobacco) versus adults (former or current tobacco users). Research is needed to better characterize prevalences, use correlates, and motives of use in different population groups, including how adolescent and young adult experimentation with e-cigarettes relates to other types of substance use behaviors. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Strength of urges to smoke as a measure of severity of cigarette dependence: comparison with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and its components : Urges to smoke as a measure of dependence

Jennifer Fidler, Lion Shahab, Robert J West (2011)

Measuring the strength of urges to smoke during a normal smoking day among smokers in a culture where smoking is restricted could provide a good measure of the severity of cigarette dependence. An important criterion for a measure of cigarette dependence is how well it predicts failure of attempts to stop smoking. This study compared ratings of Strength of Urges to Smoke (SUTS) with the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and its components, including the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI). A longitudinal study involving a household survey of a representative sample of adult smokers at baseline and 6-month follow-up by postal questionnaire. England. A total of 15,740 smokers aged 16 and over underwent the baseline interview; 2593 were followed-up 6 months later, of whom 513 reported having made a quit attempt following the baseline survey but at least 1 month prior to the follow-up. SUTS, FTND, HSI, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette, age, social grade and gender were measured at baseline. Quit attempts since the baseline assessment and self-reported abstinence were measured at 6-month follow-up. In logistic regressions, all dependence measures predicted success of subsequent quit attempts, but SUTS had the strongest association (beta for SUTS, FTND and HSI: 0.41: P < 0.001, 0.13: P = 0.005, and 0.19: P = 0.003, respectively). In multiple logistic regressions when SUTS was entered as a predictor of abstinence, together with other dependence measures, it remained as the only predictive dependence measure. A simple rating of strength of urges on a normal smoking day appears to be a good predictor of at least short-term quit success in English smokers and as such may be a useful measure of cigarette addiction. © 2010 The Authors, Addiction © 2010 Society for the Study of Addiction.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: Nicotine & Tobacco Research

Abbreviated Title: Nicotine & Tobacco Research

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

ISSN (Print): 1462-2203

ISSN (Electronic): 1469-994X

Publication date Created: January 21 2015

Publication date Created: February 01 2015

Publication date (Electronic): October 19 2014

Publication date (Print): February 01 2015

Volume: 17

Issue: 2

Pages: 186-192

Article

DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu204

PubMed ID: 25332459

SO-VID: 607fe404-b69d-465b-96df-87e37eee0a42

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