Fragilidades da conservação de vacina nas Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde

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Abstract

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar por meio da abordagem qualitativa a conservação de vacinas nas Unidades de Atenção Primária à saúde. Método: pesquisa avaliativa, de abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas com enfermeiros, técnicos ou auxiliares de enfermagem e referência técnica em imunização, responsáveis pelas 12 salas de vacina que obtiveram 100% dos critérios estruturais avaliados. Os depoimentos dos sujeitos foram gravados, organizados e analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, na modalidade temática. Resultados: a avaliação apontou um desconhecimento dos enfermeiros e técnicos ou auxiliares de enfermagem sobre os efeitos da baixa temperatura sobre as vacinas. Entraves também foram encontrados em relação à supervisão do enfermeiro nas atividades em sala de vacina e em relação ao conhecimento necessário dos trabalhadores para o cuidado com a sua conservação. Conclusão: a conservação de vacina não está adequada e pode comprometer a qualidade do imunobiológico dispensado à população.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: assessment through qualitative approach of vaccine storage in Primary Healthcare Centers. Method: assessment study of qualitative approach in which 30 interviews were conducted with nurses, nursing technicians or assistants and technical reference in immunization, in 12 vaccine rooms that had 100% of the structural criteria evaluated. Recorded testimonials of the subjects were organized and analyzed using thematic Content Analysis. Results: the assessment pointed to absence of knowledge on the parts of nurses and nursing technicians and assistants with respect to the effects of low temperature on vaccines. Barriers were also encountered in relation to the supervision of nurses in the vaccine room activities and in relation to the knowledge needed by workers to care for preservation of vaccines. Conclusion: vaccine storage is inadequate and may compromise the quality of the immunobiologicals dispensed to the populace.

Translated abstract

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar por médio de la abordaje cualitativa la conservación de vacunas en las Unidades de Atención Primária de Salud. Método: investigación evaluativa, de abordaje cualitativa en la cual fueron realizadas 30 entrevistas con el enfermero, el técnico/auxiliar de enfermería y el profesional referencia técnica en inmunización, responsables pelas 12 salas de vacuna que obtuvieron el 100% de los criterios estructurales elegibles para la investigación. Los depoimentos gravados de los sujeitos fueron organizados y analisados a través de método de analisis temático de contenido. Resultados: el estudio apuntó un desconocimiento de los enfermeros y técnicos/auxiliares de enfermería sobre los efectos de la baja temperatura sobre las vacunas. Entraves também fueron encontrados en relación a la supervisión del enfermero en las actividades en sala de vacuna y el conocimiento necesario de lós trabajadores para el cuidado con su conservación. Conclusión: la conservación de vacuna no está adecuada y pode comprometer la calidad del imunobiológico dispensado a la plobación.

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Most cited references 18

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Vaccine instability in the cold chain: mechanisms, analysis and formulation strategies.

Ozan S Kumru, Sangeeta Joshi, Dawn E Smith … (2014)

Instability of vaccines often emerges as a key challenge during clinical development (lab to clinic) as well as commercial distribution (factory to patient). To yield stable, efficacious vaccine dosage forms for human use, successful formulation strategies must address a combination of interrelated topics including stabilization of antigens, selection of appropriate adjuvants, and development of stability-indicating analytical methods. This review covers key concepts in understanding the causes and mechanisms of vaccine instability including (1) the complex and delicate nature of antigen structures (e.g., viruses, proteins, carbohydrates, protein-carbohydrate conjugates, etc.), (2) use of adjuvants to further enhance immune responses, (3) development of physicochemical and biological assays to assess vaccine integrity and potency, and (4) stabilization strategies to protect vaccine antigens and adjuvants (and their interactions) during storage. Despite these challenges, vaccines can usually be sufficiently stabilized for use as medicines through a combination of formulation approaches combined with maintenance of an efficient cold chain (manufacturing, distribution, storage and administration). Several illustrative case studies are described regarding mechanisms of vaccine instability along with formulation approaches for stabilization within the vaccine cold chain. These include live, attenuated (measles, polio) and inactivated (influenza, polio) viral vaccines as well as recombinant protein (hepatitis B) vaccines.