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      The Arctic is becoming warmer and wetter as revealed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

      1 , 2 , 3
      Geophysical Research Letters
      Wiley

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          The operated Markov´s chains in economy (discrete chains of Markov with the income)

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            The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification.

            The rise in Arctic near-surface air temperatures has been almost twice as large as the global average in recent decades-a feature known as 'Arctic amplification'. Increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases have driven Arctic and global average warming; however, the underlying causes of Arctic amplification remain uncertain. The roles of reductions in snow and sea ice cover and changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, cloud cover and water vapour are still matters of debate. A better understanding of the processes responsible for the recent amplified warming is essential for assessing the likelihood, and impacts, of future rapid Arctic warming and sea ice loss. Here we show that the Arctic warming is strongest at the surface during most of the year and is primarily consistent with reductions in sea ice cover. Changes in cloud cover, in contrast, have not contributed strongly to recent warming. Increases in atmospheric water vapour content, partly in response to reduced sea ice cover, may have enhanced warming in the lower part of the atmosphere during summer and early autumn. We conclude that diminishing sea ice has had a leading role in recent Arctic temperature amplification. The findings reinforce suggestions that strong positive ice-temperature feedbacks have emerged in the Arctic, increasing the chances of further rapid warming and sea ice loss, and will probably affect polar ecosystems, ice-sheet mass balance and human activities in the Arctic.
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              The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Geophysical Research Letters
                Geophys. Res. Lett.
                Wiley
                0094-8276
                1944-8007
                June 05 2015
                June 16 2015
                June 03 2015
                June 16 2015
                : 42
                : 11
                : 4439-4446
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC)University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
                [2 ]National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
                [3 ]Centre for Polar Observation and ModellingUniversity College London London UK
                Article
                10.1002/2015GL063775
                60887055-b34c-442a-99bd-2ec9301051e8
                © 2015

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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