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      Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: a Nordic mother–child population-based cohort

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          Abstract

          Background

          A woman’s food intake during pregnancy has important implications not only for herself but also for the future health and well-being of her child. Suboptimal dietary quality has been consistently reported in many high-income countries, reflecting poor adherence to dietary guidelines.

          Objective

          This study aimed to explore the intake of food and nutrients in a cohort of pregnant women in Norway and their adherence to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) and Norwegian food-based guidelines (NFG).

          Design

          We investigated the dietary intake in 1,674 pregnant women from the mother–child birth cohort, PreventADALL, recruited at approximately 18-week gestational age. Dietary intake was assessed by an electronic validated food frequency questionnaire (PrevFFQ) in the first half of pregnancy.

          Results

          Total fat intake was within the recommended intake (RI) range in most women; however, the contribution of saturated fatty acids to the total energy intake was above RI in the majority (85.2%) of women. Carbohydrate intake was below RI in 43.9% of the women, and 69.5% exceeded the RI of salt. Intakes of fiber, vegetables, and fish were high in a large part of the population. Many women had a high probability of inadequate intakes of the following key micronutrients during pregnancy: folate (54.4%), iron (49.6%), calcium (36.2%), vitamin D (28.7%), iodine (24.4%), and selenium (41.3%). A total of 22.8% women reported an alcohol intake of >1 g/day, and 4.4% reported an alcohol intake of >10 g/day. Women with higher educational levels showed a tendency towards healthier eating habits, except for higher intakes of alcohol and coffee, compared to women with lower educational level.

          Discussion

          Excessive saturated fat intake and limited intake of many important micronutrients during pregnancy were common, potentially increasing the risk for adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.

          Conclusions

          This study highlights the need for improved nutritional guidance to pregnant women across all educational levels.

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          Most cited references48

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          A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

          The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260
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            Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Alcohol use during pregnancy is the direct cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and FAS in the general population and, by linking these two indicators, estimate the number of pregnant women that consumed alcohol during pregnancy per one case of FAS.
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              Fetal programming and adult health.

              Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range of birthweight and depend on lower birthweights in relation to the duration of gestation rather than the effects of premature birth. The associations are thought to be consequences of 'programming', whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical, sensitive period of early life has permanent effects on structure, physiology and metabolism. Programming of the fetus may result from adaptations invoked when the materno-placental nutrient supply fails to match the fetal nutrient demand. Although the influences that impair fetal development and programme adult cardiovascular disease remain to be defined, there are strong pointers to the importance of maternal body composition and dietary balance during pregnancy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Food Nutr Res
                Food Nutr Res
                FNR
                Food & Nutrition Research
                Open Academia
                1654-661X
                20 December 2019
                2019
                : 63
                : 10.29219/fnr.v63.3676
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
                [2 ]Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
                [3 ]Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
                [4 ]Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
                [5 ]Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
                [6 ]Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [7 ]Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
                [8 ]Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
                [9 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
                [10 ]Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
                Author notes
                [* ] Carina Madelen Saunders, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: carinamadelensaunders@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                3676
                10.29219/fnr.v63.3676
                6939665
                60b48c10-2bc8-459a-86ff-a867a00efdad
                © 2019 Carina Madelen Saunders et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                : 18 August 2019
                : 25 November 2019
                : 26 November 2019
                Categories
                Original Article

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                nutrients,dietary intake,nordic diet,fetal programming,food intake,nutritional recommendations

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