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      A Systematic Review of Socioeconomic Indicators and Dental Caries in Adults

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          Abstract

          Increasing evidence suggests that socioeconomic factors may be associated with an increased risk of dental caries. To provide better evidence of the association between dental caries in adults and socioeconomic indicators, we evaluated the relation between these two conditions in a thorough review of the literature. Seven databases were systematically searched: Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Bireme, Controlled Trials, Clinical Trials and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. No restrictions were placed on the language or year of publication. The search yielded 41 studies for systematic review. Two independent reviewers screened the studies for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The following socioeconomic indicators were found: educational level, income, occupation, socio-economic status and the community index. These indicators were significantly associated with a greater occurrence of dental caries: the subject’s education, subject’s income, subject’s occupation and the Gini coefficient. A high degree of heterogeneity was found among the methods. Quality varied across studies. The criteria employed for socioeconomic indicators and dental caries should be standardized in future studies. The scientific evidence reveals that educational level, income, occupation and the Gini coefficient are associated with dental caries.

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          Most cited references76

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          Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective.

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            Changes in dental caries 1953-2003.

            In the first half of the 20th century, indices and methods of conducting surveys of the level of dental diseases were developed. Modern epidemiological studies began in the fifties and many reliable studies have been conducted after 1960. In the following decades, a substantial decline of caries prevalence was documented in the majority of the highly industrialized countries, with reductions of lifetime caries experience exceeding 75%. The decline comes to an end when low or very low levels of prevalence are reached. Children of low socioeconomic status and immigrants from outside Western Europe, however, generally have higher disease levels and may cause increases in caries prevalence. For this and other reasons, caries epidemiology will remain an indispensable part of dental public health. Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
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              Sociobehavioural risk factors in dental caries - international perspectives.

              Diseases probably have their roots in a complex chain of environmental and behavioural events which are shaped by broader socioeconomic determinants. Most studies of sociobehavioural risk factors in dental caries have been carried out in industrialized countries, but such reports from low- and middle-income countries have been published in recent years. World Health Organization international collaborative studies and other international studies of social factors in dental caries using the same methodology provide empirical evidence of social inequality in oral health across countries and across oral health care systems. The paper highlights the challenges to dental public health practice, particularly the importance of risk assessment in estimating the potential for prevention. In future public health programmes, systematic risk factor assessment may therefore be instrumental in the planning and surveillance of oral health promotion and oral disease intervention programmes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                10 October 2012
                October 2012
                : 9
                : 10
                : 3540-3574
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; Email: smelocosta@ 123456gmail.com (S.M.C.); carolcm10@ 123456hotmail.com (C.C.M.); malu_cb2000@ 123456yahoo.com.br (M.L.C.B.); smpaiva@ 123456uol.com.br (S.M.P.); isabelapordeus@ 123456ufmg.br (I.A.P.)
                [2 ]Minas Gerais State Public Health School, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 2061-Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte MG 30190-002, Brazil; Email: liviazina@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: maurohenriqueabreu@ 123456ig.com.br ; Tel./Fax: +55-31-3409-2442.
                Article
                ijerph-09-03540
                10.3390/ijerph9103540
                3509471
                23202762
                60bb6b0c-c0dc-40dd-9438-ae13cd07582f
                © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 28 May 2012
                : 10 September 2012
                : 02 October 2012
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                epidemiology,adults ,caries
                Public health
                epidemiology, adults , caries

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