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      Differential analysis of executive functions in children from disadvantaged families vs. children with autism spectrum disorder Translated title: Análisis diferencial de las funciones ejecutivas en niños pertenecientes a familias desfavorecidas vs. niños con trastorno del espectro autista

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Executive Functions (EF) are considered necessary for dealing with new situations and for controlling one's behavior. Studies have confirmed EF difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in children from disadvantaged families (DF). This study aimed to examine EF difficulties in the two populations -ASD and DF children- with respect to EF in children who show typical development (TD). A total of 89 children between the ages of 7 and 12 years participated, divided into three groups: 28 with ASD, 36 from DF and 25 with TD. Assessments were made with different measures of EF (working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, planning and self-regulation) and central coherence. In general, the children from DF obtained the lowest scores in all measures, although differences were not significant with respect to the other groups in all cases. Children with ASD obtained similar scores to the TD group in executive attention and working memory, and higher scores in central coherence. In comparison to the children from DF, the ASD children did better on all measures. These results would indicate that intervention programs designed for the two groups must be focus on different kind of tasks.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Las Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) se consideran necesarias para afrontar nuevas situaciones y para controlar la propia conducta. Diversos estudios han confirmado que poblaciones tan diferentes como niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) y niños de familias desfavorecidas (FD) muestran dificultades en las FE. Este estudio pretende examinar las dificultades en FE en esas dos poblaciones con respecto a las FE en niños que muestran un desarrollo típico (DT). Un total de 89 niños de edades comprendidas entre los 7 y 12 años, divididos en tres grupos, participaron en el estudio: 28 con TEA, 36 de FD y 25 con DT. La evaluación se realizó con diferentes medidas de FE (memoria de trabajo, flexibilidad cognitiva, inhibición, planificación y autorregulación) y coherencia central. Los resultados muestran que, en general, los niños de FD obtuvieron las menores puntuaciones en todas las medidas, aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas en todos los casos. Los niños con TEA obtuvieron puntuaciones similares al grupo DT en planificación y memoria de trabajo, y mayores puntuaciones en coherencia central. Además, cuando se les compara con los niños de FD, los niños con TEA obtuvieron una ejecución mayor en todas las medidas. Estos resultados indican que existen diferencias entre grupos y, por tanto, que los programas de intervención diseñados para cada uno de ellos deben centrarse en diferentes tipos de tareas.

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          Association of Child Poverty, Brain Development, and Academic Achievement.

          Children living in poverty generally perform poorly in school, with markedly lower standardized test scores and lower educational attainment. The longer children live in poverty, the greater their academic deficits. These patterns persist to adulthood, contributing to lifetime-reduced occupational attainment.
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            Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds' executive function: new perspectives on models of differential susceptibility.

            In a predominantly low-income, population-based longitudinal sample of 1,259 children followed from birth, results suggest that chronic exposure to poverty and the strains of financial hardship were each uniquely predictive of young children's performance on measures of executive functioning. Results suggest that temperament-based vulnerability serves as a statistical moderator of the link between poverty-related risk and children's executive functioning. Implications for models of ecology and biology in shaping the development of children's self-regulation are discussed. (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved.
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              Neurocognitive development in socioeconomic context: Multiple mechanisms and implications for measuring socioeconomic status.

              Socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to functioning across a variety of neurocognitive domains including language, memory, executive functioning, and social-emotional processing. We review these findings and discuss the ways in which socioeconomic context may shape neural processes such that these skills are supported by different neurobiological pathways in children from lower versus higher SES backgrounds. Moreover, we consider the mechanisms by which SES may be related to specific neurocognitive functions. Specifically, we focus on linguistic exposure and stress as two main pathways through which SES could influence neurocognitive processes and shape relations between the neural and behavioral levels of functioning. Finally, suggestions for conceptualizing and measuring SES in future work are offered.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                0212-9728
                1695-2294
                April 2020
                : 36
                : 1
                : 102-110
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversity of Granada orgdiv1Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento Spain
                [2] Jaén orgnameUniversity of Jaén orgdiv1Department of Psychology Spain
                Article
                S0212-97282020000100012 S0212-9728(20)03600100012
                10.6018/analesps.36.1.326531
                60bfea80-2902-4f9f-8311-c1f69a460d76

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 September 2019
                : 04 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Developmental and Educational Psychology

                Difficulties,Executive functions,Coherencia central,Autism spectrum disorder,Disadvantaged Families,Infancia,Childhood,Central coherence,Trastorno del espectro autista,Dificultades: Funciones ejecutivas,Familias desfavorecidas

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