Antibiotic prescription practices in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

The widespread use of antibiotics plays a major role in the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. However, important knowledge gaps still exist regarding the extent of their use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly at the primary care level. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted in primary care in LMICs to estimate the prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions as well as the proportion of such prescriptions that are inappropriate.

Methods and findings

We searched PubMed, Embase, Global Health, and CENTRAL for articles published between 1 January 2010 and 4 April 2019 without language restrictions. We subsequently updated our search on PubMed only to capture publications up to 11 March 2020. Studies conducted in LMICs (defined as per the World Bank criteria) reporting data on medicine use in primary care were included. Three reviewers independently screened citations by title and abstract, whereas the full-text evaluation of all selected records was performed by 2 reviewers, who also conducted data extraction and quality assessment. A modified version of a tool developed by Hoy and colleagues was utilized to evaluate the risk of bias of each included study. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed to identify the proportion of patients receiving antibiotics. The WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) framework was used to classify prescribed antibiotics. We identified 48 studies from 27 LMICs, mostly conducted in the public sector and in urban areas, and predominantly based on medical records abstraction and/or drug prescription audits. The pooled prevalence proportion of antibiotic prescribing was 52% (95% CI: 51%–53%), with a prediction interval of 44%–60%. Individual studies’ estimates were consistent across settings. Only 9 studies assessed rationality, and the proportion of inappropriate prescription among patients with various conditions ranged from 8% to 100%. Among 16 studies in 15 countries that reported details on prescribed antibiotics, Access-group antibiotics accounted for more than 60% of the total in 12 countries. The interpretation of pooled estimates is limited by the considerable between-study heterogeneity. Also, most of the available studies suffer from methodological issues and report insufficient details to assess appropriateness of prescription.

Conclusions

Antibiotics are highly prescribed in primary care across LMICs. Although a subset of studies reported a high proportion of inappropriate use, the true extent could not be assessed due to methodological limitations. Yet, our findings highlight the need for urgent action to improve prescription practices, starting from the integration of WHO treatment recommendations and the AWaRe classification into national guidelines.

Trial registration

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019123269.

Abstract

Giorgia Sulis and colleagues report the prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions in primary care in low-middle income countries in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author summary

Why was this study done?

• Inappropriate use of antibiotics, both in terms of incorrect regimens and prescription without clinical indication, is a major driver of antibiotic resistance.

• Global drug sales data indicate a substantial increase in antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) over the past 2 decades.

• An accurate quantification of antibiotic prescribing in primary care across LMICs is not available.

What did the researchers do and find?

• We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of antibiotic prescribing across primary care settings in LMICs.

• Our study showed that, on average, approximately half of patients attending primary care facilities in LMICs received at least 1 antibiotic.

• Very few included studies made an attempt to assess the extent of inappropriate prescriptions and indicate potential misuse.

• Among studies that provided information on the types of antibiotics used, we found that, in 12/16 studies, 60% of prescriptions were for antibiotics with low potential for resistance selection as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).

What do these findings mean?

• Our study highlights that antibiotics are highly prescribed in outpatient primary care settings.

• Better quality data are necessary to dig deeper into the patterns of inappropriate use according to local epidemiologic scenarios.

• Adapting WHO treatment recommendations and incorporating the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics into national guidelines will be a first key step to improve prescription practices.