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      The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil): Objectives and Design

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          Abstract

          Brazil is experiencing among the world’s fastest demographic aging worldwide. This demographic transition is occurring in a context of few resources and great social inequalities. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) is a nationally representative study of 9,412 people aged 50 years or older, residing in 70 municipalities across the 5 Brazilian regions. ELSI-Brazil allows investigations of the aging process, its health, psychosocial and economic determinants, and societal consequences. The baseline examination (2015–2016) included detailed household and individual interviews and physical measurements (blood pressure, anthropometry, grip strength, and timed walk and balance tests). Blood tests and sample storage were performed in a subsample of study participants. Subsequent waves are planned for every 3 years. The study adopts a conceptual framework common to other large-scale longitudinal studies of aging in the world, such as the Health and Retirement Study, allowing cross-national comparisons. The goal of ELSI-Brazil is not only to build an understanding of aging in a large, Western, middle-income country in a rapid demographic transition but also to provide scientific data to support and study policy changes that may affect older adults. We describe the methodology of the study and some descriptive results of the baseline survey.

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          Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).

          Yaohui Zhao, Yisong Hu, James Smith … (2014)
          The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of persons in China 45 years of age or older and their spouses, including assessments of social, economic, and health circumstances of community-residents. CHARLS examines health and economic adjustments to rapid ageing of the population in China. The national baseline survey for the study was conducted between June 2011 and March 2012 and involved 17 708 respondents. CHARLS respondents are followed every 2 years, using a face-to-face computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI). Physical measurements are made at every 2-year follow-up, and blood sample collection is done once in every two follow-up periods. A pilot survey for CHARLS was conducted in two provinces of China in 2008, on 2685 individuals, who were resurveyed in 2012. To ensure the adoption of best practices and international comparability of results, CHARLS was harmonized with leading international research studies in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) model. Requests for collaborations should be directed to Dr Yaohui Zhao (yhzhao@nsd.edu.cn). All data in CHARLS are maintained at the National School of Development of Peking University and will be accessible to researchers around the world at the study website. The 2008 pilot data for CHARLS are available at: http://charls.ccer.edu.cn/charls/. National baseline data for the study are expected to be released in January 2013.
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            Contribution of primary care to health systems and health.

            Barbara Starfield, Leiyu Shi, James Macinko (2005)
            Evidence of the health-promoting influence of primary care has been accumulating ever since researchers have been able to distinguish primary care from other aspects of the health services delivery system. This evidence shows that primary care helps prevent illness and death, regardless of whether the care is characterized by supply of primary care physicians, a relationship with a source of primary care, or the receipt of important features of primary care. The evidence also shows that primary care (in contrast to specialty care) is associated with a more equitable distribution of health in populations, a finding that holds in both cross-national and within-national studies. The means by which primary care improves health have been identified, thus suggesting ways to improve overall health and reduce differences in health across major population subgroups.
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              Cohort profile: the English longitudinal study of ageing.

              Andrew Steptoe, Elizabeth Breeze, James E. Banks … (2013)
              The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) is a panel study of a representative cohort of men and women living in England aged ≥50 years. It was designed as a sister study to the Health and Retirement Study in the USA and is multidisciplinary in orientation, involving the collection of economic, social, psychological, cognitive, health, biological and genetic data. The study commenced in 2002, and the sample has been followed up every 2 years. Data are collected using computer-assisted personal interviews and self-completion questionnaires, with additional nurse visits for the assessment of biomarkers every 4 years. The original sample consisted of 11 391 members ranging in age from 50 to 100 years. ELSA is harmonized with ageing studies in other countries to facilitate international comparisons, and is linked to financial and health registry data. The data set is openly available to researchers and analysts soon after collection (http://www.esds.ac.uk/longitudinal/access/elsa/l5050.asp).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Epidemiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Am. J. Epidemiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): aje
                Title: American Journal of Epidemiology
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0002-9262
                ISSN (Electronic): 1476-6256
                Publication date (Print): July 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 January 2018
                Volume: 187
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1345-1353
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
                [2 ]Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde
                [3 ]Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
                [4 ]Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [5 ]Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Prof. Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (e-mail: lima-costa@ 123456cpqrr.fiocruz.br ).
                Article
                Publisher ID: kwx387
                DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx387
                PMC ID: 6031009
                PubMed ID: 29394304
                SO-VID: 60c2fac4-f079-4fbf-89bc-fdd94420753c
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 31 July 2017
                Date revision received : 21 December 2017
                Date accepted : 21 December 2017
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Study Design

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: aging,brazil,chronic diseases,cohort study,epidemiologic methods,functioning,middle-income country
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: aging, brazil, chronic diseases, cohort study, epidemiologic methods, functioning, middle-income country

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