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      Sexual Inequality in Tuberculosis

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , * , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS Medicine
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Olivier Neyrolles and Lluis Quintana-Murci review the evidence on why tuberulosis notification is twice as high in men as in women in most countries.

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          Most cited references48

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          Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response.

          P Liu (2006)
          In innate immune responses, activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers direct antimicrobial activity against intracellular bacteria, which in murine, but not human, monocytes and macrophages is mediated principally by nitric oxide. We report here that TLR activation of human macrophages up-regulated expression of the vitamin D receptor and the vitamin D-1-hydroxylase genes, leading to induction of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also observed that sera from African-American individuals, known to have increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, had low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and were inefficient in supporting cathelicidin messenger RNA induction. These data support a link between TLRs and vitamin D-mediated innate immunity and suggest that differences in ability of human populations to produce vitamin D may contribute to susceptibility to microbial infection.
          Article 0 comments Cited 372 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Sex differences in autoimmune disease.

            Caroline Whitacre (2001)
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              Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production.

              Willscott E Naugler, Toshiharu Sakurai, Sunhwa Kim … (2007)
              Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver cancer, occurs mainly in men. Similar gender disparity is seen in mice given a chemical carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). DEN administration caused greater increases in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in males than it did in females. Furthermore, ablation of IL-6 abolished the gender differences in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. DEN exposure promoted production of IL-6 in Kupffer cells (KCs) in a manner dependent on the Toll-like receptor adaptor protein MyD88, ablation of which also protected male mice from DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Estrogen inhibited secretion of IL-6 from KCs exposed to necrotic hepatocytes and reduced circulating concentrations of IL-6 in DEN-treated male mice. We propose that estrogen-mediated inhibition of IL-6 production by KCs reduces liver cancer risk in females, and these findings may be used to prevent HCC in males.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PLoS
                Journal ID (pmc): plosmed
                Title: PLoS Medicine
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1549-1277
                ISSN (Electronic): 1549-1676
                Publication date Collection: December 2009
                Publication date (Print): December 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2009
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1000199
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
                [2 ]Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
                [3 ]Institut Pasteur, Human Evolutionary Genetics, CNRS, URA3012, Paris, France
                Author notes

                ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: ON LQM. Wrote the first draft of the paper: ON LQM. Contributed to the writing of the paper: ON LQM.

                Research in Translation discusses health interventions in the context of translation from basic to clinical research, or from clinical evidence to practice.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 09-PLME-RIT-2611R2
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000199
                PMC ID: 2788129
                PubMed ID: 20027210
                SO-VID: 60c637a2-d08a-4327-9819-d2b6662cbb93
                Copyright © Neyrolles, Quintana-Murci. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Page count
                Pages: 6
                Categories
                Subject: Research in Translation
                Subject: Genetics and Genomics/Genetics of the Immune System
                Subject: Immunology/Genetics of the Immune System
                Subject: Immunology/Immunity to Infections
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Diseases/Bacterial Infections
                Subject: Infectious Diseases/Respiratory Infections
                Subject: Microbiology/Immunity to Infections
                Subject: Physiology/Immunity to Infections
                Subject: Respiratory Medicine/Respiratory Infections

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

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