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      El apego en la vejez, una dimensión a tener en cuenta Translated title: Attachment in old age, a dimension to take into account

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          Abstract

          Resumen La teoria del apego aporta un marco nuevo para la comprensión de la vejez. Por sus características de respuesta de activacion automática ante cualquier situación percibida como amenazante, el apego es un constructo especialmente importante en la vejez. Se postula el apego como el factor precursor de la regulación emocional del anciano, por su automatismo, estabilidad en el ciclo vital y conexión con mecanismos biológicos básicos de la ansiedad. Los apegos resistentes actúan en la vejez produciendo respuestas de extrema dependencia y sufrimiento; y los tipos evitativos activan una independencia excesiva, que impide el autocuidado y la percepción de riesgo. Ademas los problemas de salud propios de la vejez, se agravan en los sujetos con apego inseguro, creando una mayor vulnerabilidad a la enfermedad por los procesos biológicos de tipo inflamatorio y cardiaco, subyacentes a este tipo de apegos. Más de la mitad de la población mayor puede considerarse población de riesgo, debido a la presencia de apegos inseguros. A través de la teoria del apego se pueden comprender las reacciones de las personas mayores sometidas a tensión e intervenir de un modo ajustado, pues esta perspectiva se convierte en moduladora y novedosa para la comprensión del envejecimiento patológico y saludable.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Attachment theory provides a new framework for understanding old age. Due to its automatic activation response characteristics to any situation perceived as threatening, attachment in old age is an especially important construct. Attachment is postulated as the precursor factor of emotional regulation in the elderly, due to its automatism, stability in the life cycle and connection with basic biological mechanisms of anxiety. Resistant attachments act in old age, producing responses of extreme dependence and suffering; and avoidance types activate excessive independence, which prevents self-care and the perception of risk. In addition, health problems typical of old age are aggravated in insecurely attached subjects, creating a greater vulnerability to disease due to the inflammatory and cardiac biological processes underlying this type of attachment. More than half of the elderly population can be considered a population at risk, due to the presence of insecure attachments. Through attachment theory, it is possible to understand the reactions of older people under stress and intervene in a tight way, since this perspective becomes modulating and novel for the understanding of old age.

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          Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms.

          Among people exposed to major psychological stressors in early life, there are elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging. The most compelling data come from studies of children raised in poverty or maltreated by their parents, who show heightened vulnerability to vascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and premature mortality. These findings raise challenging theoretical questions. How does childhood stress get under the skin, at the molecular level, to affect risk for later diseases? And how does it incubate there, giving rise to diseases several decades later? Here we present a biological embedding model, which attempts to address these questions by synthesizing knowledge across several behavioral and biomedical literatures. This model maintains that childhood stress gets "programmed" into macrophages through epigenetic markings, posttranslational modifications, and tissue remodeling. As a consequence these cells are endowed with proinflammatory tendencies, manifest in exaggerated cytokine responses to challenge and decreased sensitivity to inhibitory hormonal signals. The model goes on to propose that over the life course, these proinflammatory tendencies are exacerbated by behavioral proclivities and hormonal dysregulation, themselves the products of exposure to early stress. Behaviorally, the model posits that childhood stress gives rise to excessive threat vigilance, mistrust of others, poor social relationships, impaired self-regulation, and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Hormonally, early stress confers altered patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge. This milieu amplifies the proinflammatory environment already instantiated by macrophages. Acting in concert with other exposures and genetic liabilities, the resulting inflammation drives forward pathogenic mechanisms that ultimately foster chronic disease.
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            Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

            This article explores the possibility that romantic love is an attachment process--a biosocial process by which affectional bonds are formed between adult lovers, just as affectional bonds are formed earlier in life between human infants and their parents. Key components of attachment theory, developed by Bowlby, Ainsworth, and others to explain the development of affectional bonds in infancy, were translated into terms appropriate to adult romantic love. The translation centered on the three major styles of attachment in infancy--secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent--and on the notion that continuity of relationship style is due in part to mental models (Bowlby's "inner working models") of self and social life. These models, and hence a person's attachment style, are seen as determined in part by childhood relationships with parents. Two questionnaire studies indicated that relative prevalence of the three attachment styles is roughly the same in adulthood as in infancy, the three kinds of adults differ predictably in the way they experience romantic love, and attachment style is related in theoretically meaningful ways to mental models of self and social relationships and to relationship experiences with parents. Implications for theories of romantic love are discussed, as are measurement problems and other issues related to future tests of the attachment perspective.
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              Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases.

              Recent scientific studies have advanced the notion of chronic inflammation as a major risk factor underlying aging and age-related diseases. In this review, low-grade, unresolved, molecular inflammation is described as an underlying mechanism of aging and age-related diseases, which may serve as a bridge between normal aging and age-related pathological processes. Accumulated data strongly suggest that continuous (chronic) upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS) are induced during the aging process due to an age-related redox imbalance that activates many pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. These pro-inflammatory molecular events are discussed in relation to their role as basic mechanisms underlying aging and age-related diseases. Further, the anti-inflammatory actions of aging-retarding caloric restriction and exercise are reviewed. Thus, the purpose of this review is to describe the molecular roles of age-related physiological functional declines and the accompanying chronic diseases associated with aging. This new view on the role of molecular inflammation as a mechanism of aging and age-related pathogenesis can provide insights into potential interventions that may affect the aging process and reduce age-related diseases, thereby promoting healthy longevity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                acp
                Acción Psicológica
                Acción psicol.
                Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1578-908X
                2255-1271
                December 2020
                : 17
                : 2
                : 13-24
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Pontifícia de Salamanca orgdiv1Facultad de Psicología orgdiv2Departamento de Psicologia Evolutiva España
                Article
                S1578-908X2020000200013 S1578-908X(20)01700200013
                10.5944/ap.17.2.29838
                60d0d5a2-e7a3-4cb8-bdf6-52c0a38cf7de

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 March 2020
                : 21 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 54, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos de temática libre

                emotional regulation,teoria del apego,disease,old age,attachment theory,regulación emocional,enfermedad,vejez

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