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      Effect of airborne particle abrasion protocols on surface topography of Y-TZP ceramic Translated title: Efeito do protocolo de jateamento com partículas na topografia da superfície de uma cerâmica Y-TZP

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to evaluate Y-TZP surface after different airborne particle abrasion protocols. Seventy-six Y-TZP ceramic blocks (5×4×4) mm³ were sintered and polished. Specimens were randomly divided into 19 groups (n=4) according to control group and 3 factors: a) protocol duration (2 and 4 s); b) particle size (30 µm, alumina coated silica particle; 45 µm, alumina particle; and 145 µm, alumina particle) and; c) pressure (1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 bar). Airborne particle abrasion was performed following a strict protocol. For qualitative and quantitative results, topography surfaces were analyzed in a digital optical profilometer (Interference Microscopic), using different roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rz, X-crossing, Mr1, Mr2 and Sdr) and 3D images. Surface roughness also was analyzed following the primer and silane applications on Y-TZP surfaces. One-way ANOVA revealed that treatments (application period, particle size and pressure of particle blasting) provided significant difference for all roughness parameters. The Tukey test determined that the significant differences between groups were different among roughness parameters. In qualitative analysis, the bonding agent application reduced roughness, filing the valleys in the surface. The protocols performed in this study verified that application period, particle size and pressure influenced the topographic pattern and amplitude of roughness.

          Translated abstract

          O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a superfície de uma cerâmica à base de zircônia tetragonal estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP) após diferentes protocolos de jateamento com partículas. Setenta e seis blocos cerâmicos de Y-TZP (5 x 4 x 4) mm³ foram sinterizados e polidos. As amostras foram randomicamente divididas em 19 grupos (n=4) sendo um controle e 18 grupos utilizando 3 fatores: a) tempo (2 e 4 s); b) tamanho de partícula (30 µm - partículas de alumina revestida por sílica; 45 µm - partículas de alumina; 145 µm - partículas de alumina) e; c) pressão (1,5, 2,5 e 4,5 bar). O jateamento foi realizado seguindo um rigoroso protocolo. Para os resultados qualitativos e quantitativos a topografia da superfície foi analisada em um perfilômetro óptico digital (microscopia de interferência), utilizando diferentes parâmetros de rugosidade (Ra, Rq, Rz, X-crossing, Mr1, Mr2 e Sdr) e imagens 3D. A rugosidade da superfície também foi analisada após a aplicação de agentes de união (primer e silano) sobre a superfície cerâmica. ANOVA 1-fator revelou que os tratamentos de superfície (tempo, tamanho de partícula e pressão durante o jateamento) forneceram resultados com diferença estatisticamente significante para todos os parâmetros de rugosidade analisados. O teste de Tukey mostrou que as diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos foram diferentes para cada parâmetro. Na análise qualitativa os agentes de união reduziram a rugosidade, preenchendo os vales da superfície. Os protocolos realizados neste estudo mostram que o tempo, o tamanho da partícula e a pressão influenciaram no padrão topográfico e na amplitude da rugosidade da cerâmica Y-TZP.

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          Tribo-mechanical characterization of rough, porous and bioactive Ti anodic layers.

          Rough and porous titanium oxide layers, which are important features for improving the osseointegration of Ti implants with bone tissues, are obtained through the technique of anodic oxidation. The thicknesses of such coatings are typically in the order of micrometers, and their mechanical characterization can be assessed by instrumented indentation, provided that the composite nature of the surface is considered. Titania anodic layers were produced on Ti under galvanostatic mode using Ca-P-based electrolytes (a mixture of (CH3COO)2Ca⋅H2O and NaH2PO(4)⋅2H2O), employing current densities (J) of 150 mA/cm2 and 300 mA/cm2. The structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and profilometry, and the chemical features were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TiO2 layers presented the crystalline phases rutile and anatase, and incorporation of Ca and P presented as a calcium phosphate compound. The porosity, roughness, and thickness increased with J. Analytical methods were employed to obtain the modified layers' elastic modulus and hardness from instrumented indentation data, deducting the substrate and roughness effects. The elastic moduli were about 40 GPa for both values of J, which are similar to the values for human bones (10-40 GPa). The hardness decreased with indentation load, varying from 5 GPa at the near surface to 1 GPa at the layer-substrate interface. Such hardness behavior is a consequence of the surface brittleness under normal loading. Additional scratch tests using an acute tip indicated that the layer integrity under shear forces was 220 mN (J=150 mA/cm2) and 280 mN (J=300 mA/cm2). TiO2 layers produced with both current densities presented good results for in vitro bioactivity tests using simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, which can be attributed to a combined effect of the microstructure, layer porosity, and hydroxyl radicals in plenty at the near surface.
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            Surfaces, Interfaces, and Colloids. Principles and Applications

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              Confocal laser scanning microscopy using dialkylcarbocyanine dyes for cell tracing in hard and soft biomaterials.

              The aim of this work was to study, in vitro, cell colonization of two biomaterials currently used for bone and cartilage repair, this step being important to understand the function of engineered tissues. Current methods that use histological approaches are not always suited to tissue-engineering analysis. We, therefore, set up a protocol to assess cell distribution, utilizing noninvasive confocal microscopy and fluorescent labels with a far red emission wavelength to optimize scaffold transparency and minimize light scattering. Hard (ceramic substitute) and soft (collagen sponge) biomaterials were seeded respectively, on one side of the scaffold, with human fibroblasts and bovine chondrocytes labelled with carbocyanine dyes (DiD and DiR). The mean penetration depth for DiR labelled fibroblasts and chondrocytes in the two scaffolds, around 270 m, was greater than for DiD (136-218 microm) labelled cells. These depths were independent of cell origin but were influenced by the nature of the scaffolds. Collagen sponge is transparent in contrast to ceramic substitutes where measurements could only be made in opened macropores. Besides the limits of the equipment, the limits of the supports were diffusion for collagen sponges and transmission for ceramic substitutes. Confocal microscopy techniques could thus be used to address the question of cell colonization of porous biomaterials in a noninvasive manner.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ce
                Cerâmica
                Cerâmica
                Associação Brasileira de Cerâmica (São Paulo )
                1678-4553
                June 2012
                : 58
                : 346
                : 253-261
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [2 ] University of Zúrich Switzerland
                Article
                S0366-69132012000200017
                10.1590/S0366-69132012000200017
                60d6b084-af60-4aa7-a24e-f63ef06db47b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0366-6913&lng=en
                Categories
                MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

                Ceramics
                zirconia,surface modification,sandblast,modificaçao da superfície,jateamento
                Ceramics
                zirconia, surface modification, sandblast, modificaçao da superfície, jateamento

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