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      Plasticity of Streptomyces coelicolor Membrane Composition Under Different Growth Conditions and During Development

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          Abstract

          Streptomyces coelicolor is a model actinomycete that is well known for the diversity of its secondary metabolism and its complex life cycle. As a soil inhabitant, it is exposed to heterogeneous and frequently changing environmental circumstances. In the present work, we studied the effect of diverse growth conditions and phosphate depletion on its lipid profile and the relationship between membrane lipid composition and development in S. coelicolor. The lipid profile from cultures grown on solid media, which is closer to the natural habitat of this microorganism, does not resemble the previously reported lipid composition from liquid grown cultures of S. coelicolor. Wide variations were also observed across different media, growth phases, and developmental stages indicating active membrane remodeling. Ornithine lipids (OL) are phosphorus-free polar lipids that were accumulated mainly during sporulation stages, but were also major components of the membrane under phosphorus limitation. In contrast, phosphatidylethanolamine, which had been reported as one of the major polar lipids in the genus Streptomyces, is almost absent under these conditions. We identified one of the genes responsible for the synthesis of OL ( SCO0921) and found that its inactivation causes the absence of OL, precocious morphological development and actinorhodin production. Our observations indicate a remarkable plasticity of the membrane composition in this bacterial species, reveal a higher metabolic complexity than expected, and suggest a relationship between cytoplasmic membrane components and the differentiation programs in S. coelicolor.

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          NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.

          For the past 25 years NIH Image and ImageJ software have been pioneers as open tools for the analysis of scientific images. We discuss the origins, challenges and solutions of these two programs, and how their history can serve to advise and inform other software projects.
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            A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.

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              Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes.

              Taxonomy relies on three key elements: characterization, classification and nomenclature. All three elements are dynamic fields, but each step depends on the one which precedes it. Thus, the nomenclature of a group of organisms depends on the way they are classified, and the classification (among other elements) depends on the information gathered as a result of characterization. While nomenclature is governed by the Bacteriological Code, the classification and characterization of prokaryotes is an area that is not formally regulated and one in which numerous changes have taken place in the last 50 years. The purpose of the present article is to outline the key elements in the way that prokaryotes are characterized, with a view to providing an overview of some of the pitfalls commonly encountered in taxonomic papers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                22 December 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 1465
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, Mexico
                [2] 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
                [3] 3Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
                [4] 4Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Weiwen Zhang, Tianjin University, China

                Reviewed by: Yinhua Lu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Xiaoqiang Jia, Tianjin University, China

                *Correspondence: Christian Sohlenkamp, chsohlen@ 123456ccg.unam.mx ; Mario Sandoval-Calderón, msandova@ 123456ccg.unam.mx

                This article was submitted to Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2015.01465
                4686642
                26733994
                6130f224-2a7e-41fd-bb73-b73b328c3232
                Copyright © 2015 Sandoval-Calderón, Nguyen, Kapono, Herron, Dorrestein and Sohlenkamp.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 25 August 2015
                : 07 December 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 56, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología 10.13039/501100007350
                Award ID: 153200
                Funded by: University of California Institute for Mexico and the United States 10.13039/100005909
                Award ID: CN-12-552
                Funded by: Dirección General Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 10.13039/501100006087
                Award ID: IN202413
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                streptomyces,bacterial development,phospholipids,ornithine lipids,phosphorus limitation,membrane adaptation

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