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      Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Against High Glucose-Induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Injury Through Activating PI3K/Akt/eNOS Pathway

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Dysfunction of endothelial cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherosclerosis. High glucose (HG) has been found as a key factor in the progression of diabetic complications, including atherosclerosis. PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway has been shown to involve in HG-induced vascular injuries. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) has been found to exhibit protective effects on HG-induced vascular injuries. Moreover, H 2S activates PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway in endothelial cells. Thus, the present study aimed to determine if H 2S exerts protective effects against HG-induced injuries of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via activating PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling.

          Materials and Methods

          The endothelial protective effects of H 2S were evaluated and compared to the controlled groups. Cell viability, cell migration and tube formation were determined by in vitro functional assays; protein levels were evaluated by Western blot assay and ELISA; cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining; Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated by the ROS detection kit.

          Results

          HG treatment significantly inhibited PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling in HUVECs, which was partially reversed by the H2S treatment. HG treatment inhibited cell viability of HUVECs, which were markedly prevented by H 2S or PI3K agonist Y-P 740. HG treatment also induced HUVEC cell apoptosis by increasing the protein levels of cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2, which were significantly attenuated by H 2S or 740 Y-P. ROS production and gp91 phox protein level were increased by HG treatment in HUVECs and this effect can be blocked by the treatment with H 2S or Y-P 740. Moreover, HG treatment increased the protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, caspase-1 and phosphorylated JNK, which was significantly attenuated by H 2S or Y-P 740. Importantly, the cytoprotective effect of H 2S against HG-induced injury was inhibited by LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway).

          Conclusion

          The present study demonstrated that exogenous H 2S protects endothelial cells against HG-induced injuries by activating PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. Based on the above findings, we proposed that reduced endogenous H 2S levels and the subsequent PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling impairment may be the important pathophysiological mechanism underlying hyperglycemia-induced vascular injuries.

          Most cited references49

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          Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and its role in diabetes mellitus related cardiovascular diseases.

          Diabetes mellitus is associated to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Hyperglycemia is an important factor in cardiovascular damage, working through different mechanisms such as activation of protein kinase C, polyol and hexosamine pathways, advanced glycation end products production. All of these pathways, in association to hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation that, in turn, promote cellular damage and contribute to the diabetic complications development and progression. ROS can directly damage lipids, proteins or DNA and modulate intracellular signaling pathways, such as mitogen activated protein kinases and redox sensitive transcription factors causing changes in protein expression and, therefore, irreversible oxidative modifications. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress induces endothelial dysfunction that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of micro- and macro-vascular diseases. It may also increase pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant factors expression, induce apoptosis and impair nitric oxide release. Oxidative stress induces several phenotypic alterations also in vascular smooth-muscle cell (VSMC). ROS is one of the factors that can promote both VSMC proliferation/migration in atherosclerotic lesions and VSMC apoptosis, which is potentially involved in atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture. Currently, there are contrasting clinical evidences on the benefits of antioxidant therapies in the prevention/treatment of diabetic cardiovascular complications. Appropriate glycemic control, in which both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes are reduced, in association to the treatment of dyslipidemia, hypertension, kidney dysfunction and obesity, conditions which are also associated to ROS overproduction, can counteract oxidative stress and, therefore, both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
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            Metformin Suppresses Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis via the Inhibition of Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission

            Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug that exerts cardiovascular protective effects in patients with diabetes. How metformin protects against diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we show that metformin abated the progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis by inhibiting mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells. Metformin treatments markedly reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, mitigated mitochondrial-derived superoxide release, improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation, inhibited vascular inflammation, and suppressed atherosclerotic lesions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ApoE−/− mice. In high glucose–exposed endothelial cells, metformin treatment and adenoviral overexpression of constitutively active AMPK downregulated mitochondrial superoxide, lowered levels of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and its translocation into mitochondria, and prevented mitochondrial fragmentation. In contrast, AMPK-α2 deficiency abolished the effects of metformin on Drp1 expression, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE−/−/AMPK-α2−/− mice, indicating that metformin exerts an antiatherosclerotic action in vivo via the AMPK-mediated blockage of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Consistently, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1, a potent and selective Drp1 inhibitor, reduced mitochondrial fragmentation, attenuated oxidative stress, ameliorated endothelial dysfunction, inhibited inflammation, and suppressed atherosclerosis in diabetic mice. These findings show that metformin attenuated the development of atherosclerosis by reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in an AMPK-dependent manner. Suppression of mitochondrial fission may be a therapeutic approach for treating macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes.
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              The novel proangiogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide is dependent on Akt phosphorylation.

              Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been reported to be a gasotransmitter which regulates cardiovascular homeostasis. The present study aims to examine the hypothesis that hydrogen sulfide is able to promote angiogenesis. Angiogenesis was assessed using in vitro parameters (i.e. endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, transwell migration assay, scratched wound healing and formation of tube-like structure) and in vivo by assessing neovascularization in mice. Phosphorylation of Akt was measured using Western blot analysis. Exogenously administered NaHS (H(2)S donor) concentration-dependently (10-20 micromol/l) increased cell growth, migration, scratched wound healing and tube-like structure formation in cultured endothelial cells. These effects of NaHS on endothelial wound healing and tube-like structure formation were prevented by either the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY 294002 (5 micromol/l) or transfection of a dominant-negative mutant of Akt. NaHS increased Akt phosphorylation and this effect was also blocked by either LY 294002 or wortmannin (25 nmol/l). NaHS did not significantly alter the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor and angiopoietin-1, or nitric oxide metabolites. NaHS treatment (10 and 50 micromol kg(-1) day(-1)) significantly promoted neovascularization in vivo in mice. The present study reports a novel proangiogenic role of H(2)S which is dependent on activation of Akt.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                DDDT
                dddt
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove
                1177-8881
                14 February 2020
                2020
                : 14
                : 621-633
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Shenzhen 518133, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, (Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital) , Shenzhen 518057, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Zhicong Zeng; Yinzhi Song Email 2436225392@qq.com; songyinzhi@126.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                242521
                10.2147/DDDT.S242521
                7027865
                32103904
                615e6367-35b5-4fc1-8512-cd04d262b8ca
                © 2020 Lin et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 16 December 2019
                : 05 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, References: 65, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Original Research

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                endothelial cells,hydrogen sulfide,high glucose,injury,pi3k/akt/enos

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