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      Clinical and genetic aspects of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome Translated title: Klinische und genetische Aspekte des Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndroms

      review-article
      ,
      Medizinische Genetik
      Springer Medizin
      MRKH, LHX1, TBX6, WNT9B, MRKH, LHX1, TBX6, WNT9B

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          Abstract

          The Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome [MIM 277000] is characterised by the absence of a uterus and vagina in otherwise phenotypically normal women with karyotype 46,XX. Clinically, the MRKH can be subdivided into two subtypes: an isolated or type I form can be delineated from a type II form, which is characterised by extragenital malformations. The so-called Müllerian hypoplasia, renal agenesis, cervicothoracic somite dysplasia (MURCS) association can be seen as the most severe phenotypic outcome.

          The MRKH syndrome affects at least 1 in 4000 to 5000 female new-borns. Although most of the cases are sporadic, familial clustering has also been described, indicating a genetic cause of the disease. However, the mode of inheritance is autosomal-dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance. High-resolution array-CGH and MLPA analysis revealed recurrent aberrations in different chromosomal regions such as TAR susceptibility locus in 1q21.1, chromosomal regions 16p11.2, and 17q12 and 22q11.21 microduplication and -deletion regions in patients with MRKH. Sequential analysis of the genes LHX1, TBX6 and RBM8A, which are located in chromosomal regions 17q12, 16p11.2 and 1q21.1, yielded in the detection of MRKH-associated mutations. In a subgroup of patients with signs of hyperandrogenaemia mutations of WNT4 have been found to be causative. Analysis of another member of the WNT family, WNT9B, resulted in the detection of some causative mutations in MRKH patients.

          Zusammenfassung

          Das Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) Syndrom [MIM 277000] ist durch einen fehlenden Uterus und eine fehlende Vagina bei phänotypisch unauffälligen Frauen mit dem Karyotyp 46,XX gekennzeichnet. Klinisch werden beim MRKH 2 Subtypen unterteilt: die isolierte oder Typ I Form wird von der Typ II Form, bei der zusätzlich extragenitale Malformationen auftreten, unterschieden. Hierbei kann die sog. MURCS-Assoziation (MURCS: „Müllerian hypoplasia, renal agenesis, cervicothoracic somite dysplasia“) als schwerste phänotypische Ausprägung verstanden werden.

          Das MRKH tritt bei ca. einem von 4000 bis 5000 weiblichen Neugeborenen auf; die meisten Fälle kommen sporadisch vor. Das Auftreten einiger familiärer Fälle weist auf eine genetische Ursache mit autosomal-dominanter Vererbung und einer reduzierten Penetranz hin.

          Die Analyse von MRKH-Patientinnen mittels hochauflösender Array-CGH und MLPA führte zur Identifizierung rekurrierender Aberrationen in verschiedenen chromosomalen Regionen wie dem TAR-Suszeptibilitätslokus in 1q21.1, den Regionen 16p11.2 und 17q12 und der Mikroduplikations und –deletionsregion 22q11.21.

          In den Genen LHX1, TBX6 und RBM8A, die in den chromosomalen Regionen 17q12, 16p11.2, bzw. 1q21.1 lokalisiert sind, wurden zudem MRKH-assoziierte Mutationen nachgewiesen. Hingegen werden Mutationen des Gens WNT4 nur bei einer Subgruppe von Patientinnen mit zusätzlichen Androgenisierungserscheinungen detektiert. Interessanterweise konnten bei der Analyse eines weiteren Mitglieds der WNT-Familie, WNT9B, ebenfalls ursächliche Mutationen bei MRKH-Patientinnen gefunden werden.

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          Most cited references39

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          Female development in mammals is regulated by Wnt-4 signalling.

          In the mammalian embryo, both sexes are initially morphologically indistinguishable: specific hormones are required for sex-specific development. Mullerian inhibiting substance and testosterone secreted by the differentiating embryonic testes result in the loss of female (Mullerian) or promotion of male (Wolffian) reproductive duct development, respectively. The signalling molecule Wnt-4 is crucial for female sexual development. At birth, sexual development in males with a mutation in Wnt-4 appears to be normal; however, Wnt-4-mutant females are masculinized-the Mullerian duct is absent while the Wolffian duct continues to develop. Wnt-4 is initially required in both sexes for formation of the Mullerian duct, then Wnt-4 in the developing ovary appears to suppress the development of Leydig cells; consequently, Wnt-4-mutant females ectopically activate testosterone biosynthesis. Wnt-4 may also be required for maintenance of the female germ line. Thus, the establishment of sexual dimorphism is under the control of both local and systemic signals.
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            Wnt9b plays a central role in the regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transitions underlying organogenesis of the mammalian urogenital system.

            The vertebrate urogenital system forms due to inductive interactions between the Wolffian duct, its derivative the ureteric bud, and their adjacent mesenchymes. These establish epithelial primordia within the mesonephric (embryonic) and metanephric (adult) kidneys and the Müllerian duct, the anlage of much of the female reproductive tract. We show that Wnt9b is expressed in the inductive epithelia and is essential for the development of mesonephric and metanephric tubules and caudal extension of the Müllerian duct. Wnt9b is required for the earliest inductive response in metanephric mesenchyme. Further, Wnt9b-expressing cells can functionally substitute for the ureteric bud in these interactions. Wnt9b acts upstream of another Wnt, Wnt4, in this process, and our data implicate canonical Wnt signaling as one of the major pathways in the organization of the mammalian urogenital system. Together these findings suggest that Wnt9b is a common organizing signal regulating diverse components of the mammalian urogenital system.
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              Requirement for Lim1 in head-organizer function.

              Lim1 is a homeobox gene expressed in the organizer region of mouse embryos. To investigate the role of Lim1 during embryogenesis, a targeted deletion of the Lim1 gene was generated in embryonic stem cells. Embryos homozygous for the null allele lacked anterior head structures but the remaining body axis developed normally. A partial secondary axis developed anteriorly in some mutant embryos. Lim1 is thus an essential regulator of the vertebrate head organizer.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +49-251-8355430 , +49-251-8355431 , Susanne.Ledig@ukmuenster.de
                Journal
                Med Genet
                Med. Genet
                Medizinische Genetik
                Springer Medizin (Munich )
                0936-5931
                1863-5490
                21 February 2018
                21 February 2018
                2018
                : 30
                : 1
                : 3-11
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0001 2172 9288, GRID grid.5949.1, Institute of Human Genetics, , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, ; Vesaliusweg 12–14, 48149 Münster, Germany
                Article
                173
                10.1007/s11825-018-0173-7
                5838123
                29527097
                618b1115-9f93-46d0-92e6-4f7d90444daa
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2018

                mrkh,lhx1,tbx6,wnt9b
                mrkh, lhx1, tbx6, wnt9b

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