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      Situación de las mujeres en la Cirugía Plástica en Uruguay Translated title: State of woman in Plastic Surgery in Uruguay

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. A pesar del aumento de mujeres en la Medicina, queda mucho por hacer en materia de equidad entre hombres y mujeres. Esta desigualdad entre ambos sexos se acentúa en especialidades quirúrgicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la situación de las cirujanas plásticas en Uruguay. Describimos el vínculo del desarrollo profesional con la familia (pareja/hijos), la formación y desempeño docente y la eventual existencia de discriminación y acoso sexual, así como la influencia de un mentor durante su etapa profesional. Material y método. Realizamos una encuesta electrónica, anónima y voluntaria, sin incentivo por finalizarla, que enviamos a los miembros y no miembros de la Sociedad de Cirugía Plástica del Uruguay. Resultados. Obtuvimos 86 respuestas de cirujanos plásticos titulados y residentes: 47 mujeres (54.7%) y 39 hombres (45.3%). Conclusiones. Este es el primer trabajo que se realiza en nuestro país respecto a la situación de las cirujanas plásticas y su vínculo entre el trabajo, la pareja, la maternidad, el trabajo docente, la discriminación, el acoso sexual y la importancia de mentores del mismo género. Los datos obtenidos nos ponen a la par de la situación mundial en algunos aspectos. Aun así, contamos con una Sociedad con un elevado porcentaje de mujeres y que va en ascenso. Una población de cirujanos plásticos donde las edades al tener el primer hijo y el tener hijos antes o durante la residencia, no variaron entre hombres y mujeres. Una especialidad en la que la mayoría niega la presencia de acoso sexual, discriminación o haber postergado la maternidad / paternidad por la Cirugía Plástica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. Despite the increase in women in Medicine, a lot of work still needs to be done in terms of equality between men and women. This inequality is accentuated in surgical specialties. The objective of this work is to analyze the situation of women in Plastic Surgery in Uruguay. We describe the bond between professional development with family (partner / children), academy training, discrimination and sexual harassment, and the influence of a mentor during training. Methods. An electronic, anonymous and voluntary survey was carried out, without incentive to complete it. It was sent to the members and non-members of the Society of Plastic Surgery in Uruguay. Results. Eighty-six responses were obtained from plastic surgeons and residents of the specialty: 47 women (54.7%) and 39 men (45.3%). Conclusions. This is the first study carried out in our country analyzing the situation of plastic surgeons and its bond between work, family, motherhood, academic work, discrimination, sexual harassment and the importance of mentors of the same gender. The data obtained revealed that in some aspects women surgeons in Uruguay suffer the same situation as the rest of the world. Nonetheless, we have a Society with a high percentage of women, that is increasing. A population of plastic surgeons where the age of having the first child and having children before or during residency did not vary between men and women. A specialty where the majority deny the presence of sexual harassment, discrimination or having postponed maternity/paternity due to Plastic Surgery.

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          Most cited references23

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          Women's health and women's leadership in academic medicine: hitting the same glass ceiling?

          The term "glass ceiling" refers to women's lack of advancement into leadership positions despite no visible barriers. The term has been applied to academic medicine for over a decade but has not previously been applied to the advancement of women's health. This paper discusses (1) the historical linking of the advances in women's health with women's leadership in academic medicine, (2) the slow progress of women into leadership in academic medicine, and (3) indicators that the advancement of women's health has stalled. We make the case that deeply embedded unconscious gender-based biases and assumptions underpin the stalled advancement of women on both fronts. We conclude with recommendations to promote progress beyond the apparent glass ceiling that is preventing further advancement of women's health and women leaders. We emphasize the need to move beyond "fixing the women" to a systemic, institutional approach that acknowledges and addresses the impact of unconscious, gender-linked biases that devalue and marginalize women and issues associated with women, such as their health.
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            Is there still a glass ceiling for women in academic surgery?

            Despite the dramatically increased entry of women into general surgery and surgical subspecialties, traditionally male-dominated fields, there remains a gross under-representation of women in the leadership positions of these departments. Women begin their careers with fewer academic resources and tend to progress through the ranks slower than men. Female surgeons also receive significantly lower salaries than their male counterparts and are more vulnerable to discrimination, both obvious and covert. Although some argue that female surgeons tend to choose their families over careers, studies have actually shown that women are as eager as men to assume leadership positions, are equally qualified for these positions as men, and are as good as men at leadership tasks.Three major constraints contribute to the glass-ceiling phenomenon: traditional gender roles, manifestations of sexism in the medical environment, and lack of effective mentors. Gender roles contribute to unconscious assumptions that have little to do with actual knowledge and abilities of an individuals and they negatively influence decision-making when it comes to promotions. Sexism has many forms, from subtle to explicit forms, and some studies show that far more women report being discriminately against than do men. There is a lack of same-sex mentors and role models for women in academic surgery, thereby isolating female academicians further. This review summarizes the manifestation of the glass-ceiling phenomenon, identifies some causes of these inequalities, and proposes different strategies for continuing the advancement of women in academic surgery and to shatter the glass ceiling.
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              Women in academic general surgery.

              To portray the professional experiences of men and women in academic general surgery with specific attention to factors associated with differing academic productivity and with leaving academia. A 131-question survey was mailed to all female (1,076) and a random 2:1 sample of male (2,152) members of the American College of Surgeons in three mailings between September 1998 and March 1999. Detailed questions regarding academic rank, career aspirations, publication rate, grant funding, workload, harassment, income, marriage and parenthood were asked. A five-point Likert scale measured influences on career satisfaction. Responses from strictly academic and tenure-track surgeons were analyzed and interpreted by gender, age, and rank. Overall, 317 surgeons in academic practice (168 men, 149 women) responded, of which 150 were in tenure-track positions (86 men, 64 women). Men and women differed in academic rank, tenure status, career aspirations, and income. Women surgeons had published a median of ten articles compared with 25 articles for men (p <.001). Marriage or parenthood did not influence numbers of publications for women. Overall career satisfaction was high, but women reported feeling career advancement opportunities were not equally available to them as to their male colleagues and feeling isolation from surgical peers. Ten percent to 20% of surgeons considered leaving academia, with women assistant professors (29%) contemplating this most commonly. Addressing the differences between men and women academic general surgeons is critical in fostering career development and in recruiting competitive candidates of both sexes to general surgery.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                March 2021
                : 47
                : 1
                : 73-80
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo orgnameHospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas Uruguay
                [2] Montevideo orgnameCátedra de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital de Clínicas Uruguay
                Article
                S0376-78922021000100073 S0376-7892(21)04700100073
                10.4321/s0376-78922021000100010
                618d7ff3-ffd1-4ab6-8ba4-5e25af00296e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 January 2021
                : 22 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Tema Especial

                Cirugía Plástica Uruguay,Plastic Surgery Uruguay,Women surgeons,Plastic Surgery,Plástica,Mujeres cirujanas

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