For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
10
views
51
references
 Top references
cited by
4
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      180
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Utilizing Moist or Dry Swabs for the Sampling of Nasal MRSA Carriers? An In Vivo and In Vitro Study

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          This study investigates the quantitative bacterial recovery of Methicillin-resistant S taphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nasal screenings by utilizing dry or moistened swabs within an in vivo and an in vitro experimental setting. 135 nasal MRSA carriers were each swabbed in one nostril with a dry and in the other one with a moistened rayon swab. Quantitative bacterial recovery was measured by standard viable count techniques. Furthermore, an anatomically correct artificial nose model was inoculated with a numerically defined suspension of MRSA and swabbed with dry and moistened rayon, polyurethane-foam and nylon-flocked swabs to test these different settings and swab-materials under identical laboratory conditions. In vivo, quantities of MRSA per nostril in carriers varied between <10 1 and >10 7 colony forming units, with a median of 2.15x10 4 CFU. However, no statistically significant differences could be detected for the recovery of MRSA quantities when swabbing nasal carriers with moist or dry rayon swabs. In vitro testing confirmed the in vivo data for swabs with rayon, polyurethane and nylon-flocked tips, since pre-moistening of swabs did not significantly affect the quantities of retrieved bacteria. Therefore, pre-moistening of swabs prior to nasal MRSA sampling provides no advantage in terms of recovering greater bacterial quantities and therefore can be omitted. In addition, this situation can be mimicked in an in vitro model, thereby providing a useful basis for future in vitro testings of new swab types or target organisms for screening approaches.

          Related collections

          Most cited references51

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.

          R. Monina Klevens, Melissa Morrison, Joelle Nadle … (2007)
          As the epidemiology of infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) changes, accurate information on the scope and magnitude of MRSA infections in the US population is needed. To describe the incidence and distribution of invasive MRSA disease in 9 US communities and to estimate the burden of invasive MRSA infections in the United States in 2005. Active, population-based surveillance for invasive MRSA in 9 sites participating in the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs)/Emerging Infections Program Network from July 2004 through December 2005. Reports of MRSA were investigated and classified as either health care-associated (either hospital-onset or community-onset) or community-associated (patients without established health care risk factors for MRSA). Incidence rates and estimated number of invasive MRSA infections and in-hospital deaths among patients with MRSA in the United States in 2005; interval estimates of incidence excluding 1 site that appeared to be an outlier with the highest incidence; molecular characterization of infecting strains. There were 8987 observed cases of invasive MRSA reported during the surveillance period. Most MRSA infections were health care-associated: 5250 (58.4%) were community-onset infections, 2389 (26.6%) were hospital-onset infections; 1234 (13.7%) were community-associated infections, and 114 (1.3%) could not be classified. In 2005, the standardized incidence rate of invasive MRSA was 31.8 per 100,000 (interval estimate, 24.4-35.2). Incidence rates were highest among persons 65 years and older (127.7 per 100,000; interval estimate, 92.6-156.9), blacks (66.5 per 100,000; interval estimate, 43.5-63.1), and males (37.5 per 100,000; interval estimate, 26.8-39.5). There were 1598 in-hospital deaths among patients with MRSA infection during the surveillance period. In 2005, the standardized mortality rate was 6.3 per 100,000 (interval estimate, 3.3-7.5). Molecular testing identified strains historically associated with community-associated disease outbreaks recovered from cultures in both hospital-onset and community-onset health care-associated infections in all surveillance areas. Invasive MRSA infection affects certain populations disproportionately. It is a major public health problem primarily related to health care but no longer confined to intensive care units, acute care hospitals, or any health care institution.
          Article 0 comments Cited 785 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock.

            Anand Kumar, Paul Ellis, Yaseen Arabi … (2009)
            Our goal was to determine the impact of the initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy on survival to hospital discharge of patients with septic shock. The appropriateness of initial antimicrobial therapy, the clinical infection site, and relevant pathogens were retrospectively determined for 5,715 patients with septic shock in three countries. Therapy with appropriate antimicrobial agents was initiated in 80.1% of cases. Overall, the survival rate was 43.7%. There were marked differences in the distribution of comorbidities, clinical infections, and pathogens in patients who received appropriate and inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy (p < 0.0001 for each). The survival rates after appropriate and inappropriate initial therapy were 52.0% and 10.3%, respectively (odds ratio [OR], 9.45; 95% CI, 7.74 to 11.54; p < 0.0001). Similar differences in survival were seen in all major epidemiologic, clinical, and organism subgroups. The decrease in survival with inappropriate initial therapy ranged from 2.3-fold for pneumococcal infection to 17.6-fold with primary bacteremia. After adjustment for acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score, comorbidities, hospital site, and other potential risk factors, the inappropriateness of initial antimicrobial therapy remained most highly associated with risk of death (OR, 8.99; 95% CI, 6.60 to 12.23). Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy for septic shock occurs in about 20% of patients and is associated with a fivefold reduction in survival. Efforts to increase the frequency of the appropriateness of initial antimicrobial therapy must be central to efforts to reduce the mortality of patients with septic shock.
            Article 0 comments Cited 337 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares colonization at hospital admission and its effect on subsequent MRSA infection.

              Helen Crouch, Sharon K. Davis, C. Florez … (2004)
              Asymptomatic colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been described as a risk factor for subsequent MRSA infection. MRSA is an important nosocomial pathogen but has currently been reported in patients without typical risk factors for nosocomial acquisition. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of asymptomatic nares MRSA colonization on the development of subsequent MRSA infection. The incidence of MRSA infection was examined in patients with and patients without MRSA or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) colonization at admission to the hospital and in those who developed colonization during hospitalization. Patients admitted to 5 representative hospital units were prospectively evaluated. Nares samples were obtained for culture at admission and during hospitalization. Laboratory culture results were monitored to identify all MRSA infections that occurred during the study period and 1 year thereafter. Of the 758 patients who had cultures of nares samples performed at admission, 3.4% were colonized with MRSA, and 21% were colonized with MSSA. A total of 19% of patients with MRSA colonization at admission and 25% who acquired MRSA colonization during hospitalization developed infection with MRSA, compared with 1.5% and 2.0% of patients colonized with MSSA (P<.01) and uncolonized (P<.01), respectively, at admission. MRSA colonization at admission increased the risk of subsequent MRSA infection, compared with MSSA colonization (relative risk [RR], 13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-64) or no staphylococcal colonization (RR, 9.5; 95% CI, 3.6-25) at admission. Acquisition of MRSA colonization also increased the risk for subsequent MRSA infection, compared with no acquisition (RR, 12; 95% CI, 4.0-38). MRSA colonization of nares, either present at admission to the hospital or acquired during hospitalization, increases the risk for MRSA infection. Identifying MRSA colonization at admission could target a high-risk population that may benefit from interventions to decrease the risk for subsequent MRSA infection.
              Article 0 comments Cited 120 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohamed N. Seleem: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 September 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0163073
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
                [2 ]Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
                [3 ]Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
                [4 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
                [5 ]Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
                Purdue University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: PW AP.

                • Data curation: PW AD MW HF NGS HS PO AP.

                • Formal analysis: PW NGS AP.

                • Investigation: PW AD MW HF HS PO AP.

                • Methodology: PW HF PO AP.

                • Project administration: PW AP.

                • Resources: PW AP.

                • Supervision: PW AP.

                • Validation: PW AD MW HF NGS HS PO AP.

                • Visualization: PW AP.

                • Writing – original draft: PW AP.

                • Writing – review & editing: PW AD MW HF NGS HS PO AP.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-29503
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163073
                PMC ID: 5023121
                PubMed ID: 27626801
                SO-VID: 61dbf9ad-a611-45b9-8dbb-b409c921ccb3
                Copyright © © 2016 Warnke et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 23 July 2016
                Date accepted : 1 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 12
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical microbiology
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial pathogens
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial pathogens
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Face
                Subject: Nose
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Face
                Subject: Nose
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Polymer Chemistry
                Subject: Macromolecules
                Subject: Polymers
                Subject: Polyurethanes
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Materials Science
                Subject: Materials by Structure
                Subject: Polymers
                Subject: Polyurethanes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus Aureus
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus Aureus
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus Aureus
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Materials Science
                Subject: Materials by Structure
                Subject: Foam
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus Epidermidis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus Epidermidis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Staphylococcus
                Subject: Staphylococcus Epidermidis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Respiratory System
                Subject: Nasal Cavity
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Respiratory System
                Subject: Nasal Cavity
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content180

                See all similar

                Cited by4

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors669

                See all reference authors