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      The effect of a reminder diary on risk factors in patients with chronic hypertension attending a clinic at a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa

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          Abstract

          Background

          Poor adherence to lifestyle interventions and medication-taking is problematic, and there is some evidence that a diary may be useful in facilitating patients’ adherence to lifestyle modification in chronic disease.

          Objectives

          To compare changes in blood pressure, waist–hip ratio, body mass index, blood levels and exercise capacity between two experimental groups and one control group (CG) after a six month intervention, and at a further three month follow up.

          Method

          This was a longitudinal randomised control trial. All three groups underwent usual treatment. In addition, Experimental group one (EG1) received the diary as well as a once-a-month telephone call and Experimental group two (EG2) received only a once-a-month telephone call. Changes in measurements were established using an ANCOVA. The significance of the study was set at p = 0.05.

          Results

          The added intervention of the diary had no direct effect on blood pressure change greater than that achieved by the appropriate medication. All three groups showed a clinically significant drop in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure to accepted norms. There were marginal differences in EG1 for waist–hip ratios ( p = 0.06) at six months. There were significant low density lipoprotein (LDL) reductions in both EG1 and EG2 at nine months compared with the CG ( p = 0.02) Walking distances improved minimally in both EG1 and EG2.

          Conclusion

          The diary and telephone interventions showed some positive trends toward improvements in risk factors of patients with chronic hypertension.

          Abstrait

          L'effet d'un calendrier de rappels sur les facteurs de risque chez des patients souffrant d'hypertension chronique et traités dans un centre médical d'un hôpital de Johannesburg, en Afrique du Sud

          Présentation

          Le non respect des interventions relatives au mode de vie et de la prise de médicaments s'avère problématique, et il existe des preuves indiquant qu'un calendrier pourrait s'avérer utile pour faciliter le respect des changements de mode de vie par les patients souffrant de maladie chronique.

          Objectifs

          Comparer les changements de pression artérielle, du rapport taille/hanches, de l'indice de masse corporelle, des taux sanguins et de la capacité d'exercice entre deux groupes expérimentaux et un groupe de contrôle (GC) après une intervention de six mois, puis trois mois après.

          Méthode

          Cette étude consistait en un essai contrôlé randomisé et aléatoire. Les trois groupes ont suivi le traitement habituel. De plus, le Groupe expérimental 1 (GE1) s'est vu remettre le calendrier, et ses membres ont été contactés par téléphone une fois par mois; le Groupe expérimental 2 (GE2) a uniquement été contacté par téléphone une fois par mois. Les changements observés dans les mesures ont été établis par une analyse de la covariance. La signification statistique de l’étude a été fixée à p = 0.05.

          Résultats

          L'intervention supplémentaire que constituait le calendrier n'a pas eu un effet direct sur le changement de pression artérielle supérieur à celui découlant d'un traitement médical approprié. Les trois groupes ont enregistré une baisse cliniquement significative de la pression artérielle systolique et diastolique à des niveaux acceptables. On a pu observer des différences marginales au sein du GE1 pour les rapports taille/hanches ( p = 0.06) à six mois. On a pu observer des réductions significatives des lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) au sein du GE1 et du GE2 à neuf mois par rapport au CG ( p = 0.02). La marche sur une certaine distance s’était très légèrement améliorée au sein du GE1 et du GE2.e

          Conclusion

          Les interventions que constituent le calendrier et les appels téléphoniques ont montré qu'elles permettaient de réduire les facteurs de risque chez les patients souffrant d'hypertension chronique.

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          Most cited references25

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          The 6-minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure.

          Cycle and treadmill exercise tests are unsuitable for elderly, frail and severely limited patients with heart failure and may not reflect capacity to undertake day-to-day activities. Walking tests have proved useful as measures of outcome for patients with chronic lung disease. To investigate the potential value of the 6-minute walk as an objective measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure, the test was administered six times over 12 weeks to 18 patients with chronic heart failure and 25 with chronic lung disease. The subjects also underwent cycle ergometer testing, and their functional status was evaluated by means of conventional measures. The walking test proved highly acceptable to the patients, and stable, reproducible results were achieved after the first two walks. The results correlated with the conventional measures of functional status and exercise capacity. The authors conclude that the 6-minute walk is a useful measure of functional exercise capacity and a suitable measure of outcome for clinical trials in patients with chronic heart failure.
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            Helping patients follow prescribed treatment: clinical applications.

            Low adherence to prescribed medical regimens is a ubiquitous problem. Typical adherence rates are about 50% for medications and are much lower for lifestyle prescriptions and other more behaviorally demanding regimens. In addition, many patients with medical problems do not seek care or drop out of care prematurely. Although accurate measures of low adherence are lacking for many regimens, simple measures, such as directly asking patients and watching for appointment nonattendance and treatment nonresponse, will detect most problems. For short-term regimens (< or =2 weeks), adherence to medications is readily achieved by giving clear instructions. On the other hand, improving adherence to long-term regimens requires combinations of information about the regimen, counseling about the importance of adherence and how to organize medication taking, reminders about appointments and adherence, rewards and recognition for the patient's efforts to follow the regimen, and enlisting social support from family and friends. Successful interventions for long-term regimens are all labor-intensive but ultimately can be cost-effective.
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              Clinical inertia.

              Medicine has traditionally focused on relieving patient symptoms. However, in developed countries, maintaining good health increasingly involves management of such problems as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, which often have no symptoms. Moreover, abnormal blood pressure, lipid, and glucose values are generally sufficient to warrant treatment without further diagnostic maneuvers. Limitations in managing such problems are often due to clinical inertia-failure of health care providers to initiate or intensify therapy when indicated. Clinical inertia is due to at least three problems: overestimation of care provided; use of "soft" reasons to avoid intensification of therapy; and lack of education, training, and practice organization aimed at achieving therapeutic goals. Strategies to overcome clinical inertia must focus on medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. Revised education programs should lead to assimilation of three concepts: the benefits of treating to therapeutic targets, the practical complexity of treating to target for different disorders, and the need to structure routine practice to facilitate effective management of disorders for which resolution of patient symptoms is not sufficient to guide care. Physicians will need to build into their practice a system of reminders and performance feedback to ensure necessary care.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                PHCFM
                African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
                AOSIS OpenJournals
                2071-2928
                2071-2936
                30 July 2013
                2013
                : 5
                : 1
                : 493
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
                [2 ]Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Aimee Stewart, Email: aimee.stewart@ 123456wits.ac.za , Postal address: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193

                How to cite this article: Webber J, Stewart A, Becker P. The effect of a reminder diary on risk factors in patients with chronic hypertension attending a clinic at a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2013;5(1), Art. #493, 8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.493

                Article
                PHCFM-5-493
                10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.493
                4709500
                61eff955-74e4-4008-87a0-10d3bdc6318a
                © 2013. The Authors

                AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                : 05 October 2012
                : 13 March 2013
                Categories
                Original Research

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