Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Biomass-Derived Carbonyls over Hafnium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

Throughout much of condensed matter science, correlated disorder is key to material function. While structural and compositional defects are known to exist within a variety of metal–organic frameworks, the prevailing understanding is that these defects are only ever included in a random manner. Here we show—using a combination of diffuse scattering, electron microscopy, anomalous X-ray scattering, and pair distribution function measurements—that correlations between defects can in fact be introduced and controlled within a hafnium terephthalate metal–organic framework. The nanoscale defect structures that emerge are an analogue of correlated Schottky vacancies in rocksalt-structured transition metal monoxides and have implications for storage, transport, optical and mechanical responses. Our results suggest how the diffraction behaviour of some metal–organic frameworks might be reinterpreted, and establish a strategy of exploiting correlated nanoscale disorder as a targetable and desirable motif in metal–organic framework design.