A cultural study on decision making: performance differences on the Iowa gambling task between selected groups of brazilians and americans

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Abstract

This study compared the performance of selected groups of Brazilian and American individuals on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The sample was composed of 70 Brazilian and American individuals of both genders, divided into two groups of young and older adults. The two groups of Brazilians were composed of 10 young adults, aged 25 to 41 years, and 25 older adults, aged 60 to 75 years. The two groups of Americans were composed of 10 young adults, aged 28 to 39 years, and 25 older adults, aged 60 to 76 years. A two-way analysis of variance revealed differences in performance between Brazilian and American participants, regardless of age group (country, p = .001; age group, p = .134; country vs. age group, p = .291). Analyses of variance using age group and country as main factors did not reveal any difference between the two national groups with regard to the learning achieved during the task (block, p < .001; age group, p = .063; country, p = .086). The results suggest that culture, represented by the country of origin, influences the performance of individuals on the IGT, demonstrating the importance of validating an instrument for each cultural group on which it is used.

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Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): validação de entrevista breve para diagnóstico de transtornos mentais

Tânia Amorim (2000)

Objetivos: O MINI é uma entrevista diagnóstica padronizada breve (15-30 minutos), compatível com os critérios do DSM-III-R/IV e da CID-10, que é destinada à utilização na prática clínica e na pesquisa em atenção primária e em psiquiatria, e pode ser utilizada por clínicos após um treinamento rápido (de 1 a 3 horas). A versão Plus do MINI, mais detalhada, gera diagnósticos positivos dos principais transtornos psicóticos e do humor do DSM-IV. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de quatro estudos de validação do instrumento, realizados na Europa e nos EUA. Métodos: Os estudos 1 (França) e 2 (EUA) testaram a confiabilidade - entre avaliadores e teste-reteste - da versão DSM-III-R do MINI (n=84, sendo 42 pacientes psiquiátricos de cada centro) e sua validade com relação ao CIDI (n=346, sendo 296 pacientes psiquiátricos e 50 controles) e ao SCID-P (n=370, sendo 308 pacientes psiquiátricos e 62 controles), respectivamente. O estudo 3 testou a validade de diagnósticos gerados por clínicos gerais usando o MINI (DSM-IV) com relação aos diagnósticos clínicos habituais de psiquiatras, em 409 pacientes de centros de atenção primária de quatro países (França, Espanha, Itália e Reino Unido). O estudo 4 testou a confiabilidade entre avaliadores (n=20 pacientes psiquiátricos) e a validade dos módulos Transtornos Psicóticos, Depressão e Mania do MINI Plus - DSM IV (n=104 pacientes psiquiátricos) com relação a dois critérios de referência: diagnósticos do CIDI e diagnósticos clínicos de psiquiatras. Análises quantitativas (índices de concordância e de validade) e qualitativas (razões de discordância) foram realizadas. Resultados: Os índices de confiabilidade do MINI (estudos 1 e 2) e do MINI Plus (estudo 4) foram globalmente satisfatórios. Comparados a vários critérios de referência (CIDI, SCID-P, opinião de peritos), em diferentes contextos (unidades psiquiátricas e centros de atenção primária), o MINI e o MINI Plus mostraram qualidades psicométricas similares às de outras entrevistas diagnósticas padronizadas mais complexas, permitindo uma redução de 50% ou mais no tempo da avaliação. Análises qualitativas identificaram dificuldades e erros diagnósticos ligados aos casos, métodos de avaliação e critérios de diagnósticos estudados. Modificações foram introduzidas para corrigir os problemas identificados e otimizar as propriedades psicométricas do MINI e do MINI Plus. Conclusões: O MINI e sua versão Plus são adaptados ao contexto clínico e à avaliação de pacientes mais graves, e representam uma alternativa econômica para a seleção de pacientes, segundo critérios internacionais, em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos. O MINI já está disponível em aproximadamente 30 idiomas, incluindo a versão brasileira. As perspectivas atuais de adaptação e aplicação transcultural do instrumento são discutidas.

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Risky business: emotion, decision-making, and addiction.

Antoine Bechara (2003)

Although metabolic abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex have been observed in substance dependent individuals (SDI) for several years, very little attention was paid to the role of this brain region in addiction. However, patients with damage to the ventromedial (VM) sector of the prefrontal cortex and SDI show similar behaviors. (1) They often deny, or they are not aware, that they have a problem. (2) When faced with a choice to pursue a course of action that brings an immediate reward at the risk of incurring future negative consequences, they choose the immediate reward and ignore the future consequences. Studies of patients with bilateral lesions of the VM prefrontal cortex support the view that the process of decision-making depends in many important ways on neural substrates that regulate homeostasis, emotion, and feeling. Parallel lines of study have revealed that VM cortex dysfunction is also evident in subgroups of individuals who are addicted to substances. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms of decision-making has direct implications for understanding disorders of addiction and pathological gambling, and the switch from a controlled to uncontrolled and compulsive behavior. On the clinical front, the approach to treat addictive disorders has been dominated by a diagnostic system that focuses on behaviors, physical symptoms, or choice of drugs. The article emphasizes the concept of using neurocognitive criteria for subtyping addictive disorders. This is a significant paradigm shift with significant implications for guiding diagnosis and treatment. Using neurocognitive criteria could lead to more accurate subtyping of addictive disorders, and perhaps serve as a guide for more specific, and potentially more successful, behavioral and pharmacological interventions.

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Asymmetric functional roles of right and left ventromedial prefrontal cortices in social conduct, decision-making, and emotional processing.

Antoine Bechara, Daniel Tranel, Natalie L. Denburg (2002)

The aim of this study was to begin to parse the relative contributions of the right and left ventromedial prefrontal cortices (VMPC) in regard to social conduct, decision-making, and emotional processing. We hypothesized that the right VMPC is a critical component of the neural systems that subserve such functions, whereas the left VMPC is not. Seven participants with focal, stable unilateral lesions to the right (n = 4) or left (n = 3) VMPC were studied with procedures designed to measure social conduct, decision-making, and emotional processing and personality. The right-sided participants had profound disturbances of social and interpersonal behavior and of the ability to maintain gainful employment; they had defective performance and impaired anticipatory skin conductance responses during the Gambling Task; most had profound abnormalities of emotional processing and personality, and met criteria for "acquired sociopathy." By contrast, the left-sided participants had normal social and interpersonal behavior; they had stable employment; they performed normally and had normal skin conductance responses on the Gambling Task; they had normal emotional processing; and their personalities were unchanged from premorbid status. The marked deficits in social conduct, decision-making, and emotional processing in participants with unilateral right VMPC lesions are reminiscent in kind of those that have been reported in connection with bilateral VMPC lesions, albeit perhaps of lesser severity. The findings provide preliminary evidence that insofar as social, decision-making, and emotional functions are concerned, the right-sided component of the VMPC system may be critical, whereas the left-sided component may be less important.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Daniela Schneider Bakos: Role: ND

Natalie Denburg: Role: ND

Rochele Paz Fonseca: Role: ND

Maria Alice de Mattos Pimenta Parente: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher): pn

Title: Psychology & Neuroscience

Abbreviated Title: Psychol. Neurosci. (Online)

Publisher: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade de Brasília (Rio de Janeiro )

ISSN: 1983-3288

Publication date (Print): June 2010

Volume: 3

Issue: 1

Pages: 101-107

Affiliations

[1 ] Universidade Luterana do Brasil Brazil

[2 ] University of Iowa United States

[3 ] Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

[4 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

Article

Publisher ID: S1983-32882010000100013

DOI: 10.3922/j.psns.2010.1.013

SO-VID: 62132bd2-ed11-47d7-b9fb-cd70468a2fc3

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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SciELO Brazil

Self URI (journal page): http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1983-3288&lng=en

A cultural study on decision making: performance differences on the Iowa gambling task between selected groups of brazilians and americans

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SciELO Brazil

Most cited references 56

Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): validação de entrevista breve para diagnóstico de transtornos mentais

Risky business: emotion, decision-making, and addiction.

Asymmetric functional roles of right and left ventromedial prefrontal cortices in social conduct, decision-making, and emotional processing.

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