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      Transcatheter Amplatzer vascular plug-embolization of a giant postnephrectomy arteriovenous fistula combined with an aneurysm of the renal pedicle by through-and-through, arteriovenous access

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          Abstract

          Although endovascular transcatheter embolization of arteriovenous fistulas is minimally invasive, the torrential flow prevailing within a fistula implies the risk of migration of the deployed embolization devices into the downstream venous and pulmonary circulation. We present the endovascular treatment of a giant postnephrectomy arteriovenous fistula between the right renal pedicle and the residual renal vein in a 63-year-old man.

          The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate that the Amplatzer vascular plug (AVP) can be safely positioned to embolize even relatively large arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). Secondly, we illustrate that this occluder can even be introduced to the fistula via a transvenous catheter in cases where it is initially not possible to advance the deployment-catheter through a tortuous feeder artery. Migration of the vascular plug was ruled out at follow-up 4 months subsequently to the intervention.

          Thus, the Amplatzer vascular plug and the arteriovenous through-and-through guide wire access with subsequent transvenous deployment should be considered in similar cases.

          Translated abstract

          Obwohl die endovaskuläre Katheter-Embolisation von arteriovenösen Fisteln minimal-invasiv ist, impliziert die, in der Fistel vorherrschende, hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeit ein Risiko zur Migration des Embolisats in den nachgeschalteten venösen Abstrom und in den Lungenkreislauf. Wir beschreiben die endovaskuläre Behandlung einer großen arteriovenösen Fistel zwischen der rechten Nierenarterie und residueller Nierenvene nach Nephrektomie im Fall eines 63-jährigen Mannes.

          Dieser Fallbericht demonstriert, dass der Amplatzer vascular plug sicher innerhalb sogar relativ großkalibriger AVFs platziert werden kann. Zweitens zeigen wir, dass dieser „Occluder“ sogar über einen transvenösen Katheter in die Fistel eingebracht werden kann, falls es initial nicht möglich ist, den Freisetzungs-Katheter über die (in unserem Fall) stark gewundene zuführende Arterie in die Fistel einzuführen. Migration des „vascular plug“ wurde in der Verlaufskontrolle 4 Monate postinterventionell ausgeschlossen.

          Der hier vorgestellte kombiniert-arteriovenöse Zugangsweg mittels transfistulär durchgezogenem Führungsdraht und nachfolgender, transvenöser Freisetzung des Amplatzer vascular plugs sollte in ähnlichen Fällen berücksichtigt werden.

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          Most cited references20

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          Arterial wall shear stress: observations from the bench to the bedside.

          Shear stress is the tangential force of the flowing blood on the endothelial surface of the blood vessel. Shear is described mathematically or ideal fluids, and in vitro models have enabled researchers to describe the effects of shear on endothelial cells. High shear stress, as found in laminar flow, promotes endothelial cell survival and quiescence, alignment in the direction of flow, and secretion of substances that promote vasodilation and anticoagulation. Low shear stress, or changing shear stress direction as found in turbulent flow, promotes endothelial proliferation and apoptosis, shape change, and secretion of substances that promote vasoconstriction, coagulation, and platelet aggregation. The precise pathways by which endothelial cells sense shear stress to promote their quiescent or activated pathways are currently unknown. Clinical applications include increasing shear stress via creation of an arteriovenous fistula or vein cuff to promote bypass graft flow and patency. Since an abnormal level of shear stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, neointimal hyperplasia, and aneurysmal disease, additional research to understand the effects of shear stress on the blood vessel may provide insight to prevent vascular disease.
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            Iatrogenic vascular lesions after minimally invasive partial nephrectomy: a multi-institutional study of clinical and renal functional outcomes.

            To report the first large multi-institutional experience, including clinical and renal functional outcomes after treatment of iatrogenic vascular lesions (eg, renal artery pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula). These lesions are uncommon after minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (MIPN) but can be associated with significant morbidity. A retrospective review of MIPN was performed at 4 centers. Patients developing pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistula in the postoperative period were identified. The demographic, disease, and perioperative details and data regarding the presentation and treatment of vascular lesions were collected. Of the 998 patients undergoing MIPN, 20 (2.0%) presented with iatrogenic vascular lesions (17 with pseudoaneurysm and 3 with arteriovenous fistula). The mean age was 55.9 years, the tumor size was 2.6 cm, and the body mass index was 30.8 kg/m(2). Twelve patients (60%) had >50% endophytic tumors, 7 patients (35%) had undergone collecting system repair, and the mean warm ischemia time was 26 minutes. All patients presented with gross hematuria at a mean of 14.5 days postoperatively. The diagnosis was made using urgent computed tomography scan in all cases. Selective embolization was performed in 16 patients; 2 required no intervention and had spontaneous resolution, and 2 had negative angiography findings. Four patients required transfusion during rehospitalization. Although 4 patients had categorical worsening of the glomerular filtration rate after MIPN, all patients had stable function acutely after angioembolization, and 3 patients had categorical glomerular filtration rate improvement through a mean follow-up of 20 months. No patients had recurrent hemorrhagic events. Iatrogenic vascular lesions occur in ∼2% of MIPN cases. Although a subset of patients will have resolution with observation only, most require angioembolization, with excellent clinical and renal function outcomes. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Transcatheter embolization of a high-flow renal arteriovenous fistula with use of a constrained wallstent to prevent coil migration.

              Transcatheter embolization of large, high-flow arteriovenous (AV) fistulas carries a significant risk for migration of embolic material through the fistula and into the venous outflow and subsequently into the pulmonary arterial tree. Several strategies have been described to address this risk, including the use of Amplatz "spider" devices, covered stents, and "stop-flow" techniques employing occlusive balloons. This article describes a high-flow renal AV fistula after nephrectomy embolized with use of a constrained Wallstent deployed within the fistula to prevent coil migration. This method allowed for complete occlusion of a large, high-flow fistula by transcatheter embolization with minimal risk of pulmonary embolization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ger Med Sci
                Ger Med Sci
                GMS Ger Med Sci
                GMS German Medical Science
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1612-3174
                14 January 2013
                2013
                : 11
                : Doc01
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ole Kayser, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany, Phone: +49 431 3022, Fax: +49 431 3151, E-mail: o.kayser@ 123456rad.uni-kiel.de
                Article
                000169 Doc01 urn:nbn:de:0183-0001690
                10.3205/000169
                3546418
                23326248
                62167564-0fa2-4018-8d60-ea56d57894e2
                Copyright © 2013 Kayser et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 November 2012
                : 26 November 2012
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                amplatzer vascular plug,arteriovenous access,arteriovenous fistula,av-fistula,embolisation,endovascular treatment,nephrectomy,through-and-through,transvenous access

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