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      New neotropical species of Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) reared from fruit-infesting and leaf-mining Tephritidae (Diptera) with comments on the  Diachasmimorpha mexicana species group and the genera Lorenzopius and Tubiformopius

      research-article
      1 , 1 , 2
      ZooKeys
      Pensoft Publishers
      Parasitoid, classification, Rhagoletis, HAO, Opius

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Four new species of opiine Braconidae are described from Mexico. These are Diachasmimorpha martinalujai Wharton reared from Rhagoletis infesting fruits of Crataegus spp., Diachasmimorpha norrbomi Wharton reared from Euphranta mexicana infesting fruits of Ribes pringlei , Eurytenes (Stigmatopoea) norrbomi Wharton reared from Trypeta concolor mining leaves of Barkleyanthus salicifolia and Eurytenes (Stigmatopoea) maya Wharton reared from Rhagoletis pomonella infesting apples and fruits of Crataegus spp. Morphological features of the first metasomal segment and occipital carina, useful for placement of these species, are discussed relative to the genera Diachasmimorpha , Eurytenes , Lorenzopius , Tubiformopius , and Opius s.l. Descriptions and diagnoses are referenced to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology. The following represent new combinations: Diachasmimorpha hildagensis , Lorenzopius euryteniformis , and Tubiformopius tubibasis . Revised diagnoses are provided for Diachasmimorpha hildagensis , Diachasmimorpha mexicana , Diachasmimorpha sanguinea , Eurytenes ( Stigmatopoea ), Lorenzopius , Lorenzopius euryteniformis , Tubiformopius , Tubiformopius tubigaster , Tubiformopius tubibasis , Opius incoligma , and Opius rugicoxis . Two species groups are delineated within Lorenzopius and a key to species of Diachasmimorpha occurring in the New World is provided.

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          A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera

          Hymenoptera is an extraordinarily diverse lineage, both in terms of species numbers and morphotypes, that includes sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants. These organisms serve critical roles as herbivores, predators, parasitoids, and pollinators, with several species functioning as models for agricultural, behavioral, and genomic research. The collective anatomical knowledge of these insects, however, has been described or referred to by labels derived from numerous, partially overlapping lexicons. The resulting corpus of information—millions of statements about hymenopteran phenotypes—remains inaccessible due to language discrepancies. The Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) was developed to surmount this challenge and to aid future communication related to hymenopteran anatomy. The HAO was built using newly developed interfaces within mx, a Web-based, open source software package, that enables collaborators to simultaneously contribute to an ontology. Over twenty people contributed to the development of this ontology by adding terms, genus differentia, references, images, relationships, and annotations. The database interface returns an Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) formatted version of the ontology and includes mechanisms for extracting candidate data and for publishing a searchable ontology to the Web. The application tools are subject-agnostic and may be used by others initiating and developing ontologies. The present core HAO data constitute 2,111 concepts, 6,977 terms (labels for concepts), 3,152 relations, 4,361 sensus (links between terms, concepts, and references) and over 6,000 text and graphical annotations. The HAO is rooted with the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO), in order to facilitate interoperability with and future alignment to other anatomy ontologies, and is available through the OBO Foundry ontology repository and BioPortal. The HAO provides a foundation through which connections between genomic, evolutionary developmental biology, phylogenetic, taxonomic, and morphological research can be actualized. Inherent mechanisms for feedback and content delivery demonstrate the effectiveness of remote, collaborative ontology development and facilitate future refinement of the HAO.
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            Simultaneous molecular and morphological analysis of braconid relationships (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae) indicates independent mt-tRNA gene inversions within a single wasp family.

            We investigated the phylogeny of the Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) with a much expanded data set compared with that of previous attempts, employing 16S and 28S rDNA gene fragments, together with a suite of morphological characters, from 74 ingroup taxa. Most notably, parsimony analyses under a range of models recovered the Aphidiinae as sister group to the cyclostomes and the Ichneutinae as sister group to the microgastroids. The cyclostomes were recovered as a natural group only if certain, putatively misplaced genera (Mesostoa, Aspilodemon) were excluded from them. Further, mapping of rearrangement characters onto this phylogeny of the Braconidae indicated parallel inversions of the mt-tRNAD gene, with the two instances of inversion distinguishable by the presence or absence of an additional tRNA gene (tRNAH). This is the first report of a parallel inversion of a mt-tRNA gene and makes the Braconidae the first metazoan family to display both parallel inversions and translocations.
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              Estimating ancestral geographical distributions: a Gondwanan origin for aphid parasitoids?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6AAF121C-A6DB-47B0-81EE-131259F28972
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:E5B4165E-6C2A-4BBF-ABE9-0113E022C680
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:07136805-7B7A-490B-BB08-86556F7A6129
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2012
                16 November 2012
                : 243
                : 27-82
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A.
                [2 ]Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 U.S.A.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Robert Wharton ( rawbaw2@ 123456tamu.edu )

                Academic editor: C. van Achterberg

                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.243.3990
                3697044
                23818811
                6228f737-58c5-4e62-abb8-d2c6cbf9cb3e
                Robert Wharton, Lauren Ward, Istvan Miko

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 September 2012
                : 2 November 2012
                Categories
                Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                opius,parasitoid,hao,rhagoletis,classification
                Animal science & Zoology
                opius, parasitoid, hao, rhagoletis, classification

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