Diferencias rural-urbana del estado nutricional en Vizcaya durante la Revolución industrial

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Abstract

Resumen Objetivo: analizar las diferencias rural-urbana del estado nutricional por residencia (DRU) de la población masculina vizcaína durante la Revolución industrial. Métodos: usamos datos del reclutamiento militar de 1876-1936 (cohortes nacidas en 1856-1915). Analizamos la talla de 12.747 mozos llamados a filas en seis municipios de Vizcaya. Las DRU son analizadas en tres municipios rurales (Amorebieta, Dima y Bermeo = 4.612 casos) y tres urbano-industriales (Portugalete, San Salvador del Valle y Sestao = 8.135). Además de los promedios de altura estandarizados a la edad de 21 años, elaboramos un índice de masa corporal (IMC) para 1912. Resultados: la talla media del conjunto se sitúa entre las más altas de España. De 164,9 cm en 1857-61 pasó a 168,2 cm en 1932-36. Las DRU fueron significativas, más altas en el campo que en la ciudad. El promedio de talla rural pasó de 164,7 cm a 167,5 cm, mientras el urbano lo hizo de 164,1 cm a 167,3 cm (incrementos de 2,8 y 3,2 cm, respectivamente). La brecha persistió en el periodo, con diferencias de hasta 2 cm en la década de 1870. Se advierte convergencia al comienzo de la década de 1930. Conclusión: el estado nutricional de los vascos durante la industrialización fue más saludable que en el resto de España y mejor en el mundo rural que en el urbano. La ventaja de la altura rural en Vizcaya contrasta con la del promedio español, que presenta una clara penalización rural.

Translated abstract

Abstract Objective: we analyzed the rural-urban differences of the nutritional status by residence (DRU) of the Basque male population during the Industrial Revolution. Methods: We used data from the military recruitment of 1876-1936 (cohorts born in 1856-1915). We analyzed the heights of 12,747 conscripts in six municipalities of Vizcaya. The DRUs are analyzed in three rural municipalities (Amorebieta, Dima and Bermeo = 4,612 cases) and three urban-industrial (Portugalete, San Salvador del Valle and Sestao = 8,135). In addition to the standardized height averages at the age of 21 years, we estimate a body mass index (BMI) for 1912, the only year available, compared to 1969, 1998-2000 and 2005. Results: the average height is among the highest in Spain. Between 1857 and 1915 cohorts went up to 168.2 cm 164.9 cm. The DRU were significant, being higher in the countryside than in the city. Rural height increased from 164.7 cm to 167.5 cm, as did urban 164.1 cm to 167.3 cm: improved 2.8 and 3.2 cm, respectively. The rural-urban gap in height persisted in the period with differences of up to 2 cm in the 1870s and convergence was noted at the beginning of the 1930s. Conclusion: the nutritional status of the Basques during industrialization was healthier than in the rest of Spain and better in the rural world than in the urban one. The advantage of rural height in Biscay contrasts with that of the Spanish average, which presents a clear rural penalty.

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Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries.

E Van Doorslaer, Owen O'Donnell, W. E. Poel (2007)

On average, child health outcomes are better in urban than in rural areas of developing countries. Understanding the nature and the causes of this rural-urban disparity is essential in contemplating the health consequences of the rapid urbanization taking place throughout the developing world and in targeting resources appropriately to raise population health. Using micro-data on child health taken from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys for 47 developing countries, the purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we document the magnitude of rural-urban disparities in child nutritional status and under-5 mortality across all 47 developing countries. Second, we adjust these disparities for differences in population characteristics across urban and rural settings. Third, we examine rural-urban differences in the degree of socioeconomic inequality in these health outcomes. The results demonstrate that there are considerable rural-urban differences in mean child health outcomes in the entire developing world. The rural-urban gap in stunting does not entirely mirror the gap in under-5 mortality. The most striking difference between the two is in the Latin American and Caribbean region, where the gap in growth stunting is more than 1.5 times higher than that in mortality. On average, the rural-urban risk ratios of stunting and under-5 mortality fall by, respectively, 53% and 59% after controlling for household wealth. Controlling thereafter for socio-demographic factors reduces the risk ratios by another 22% and 25%. We confirm earlier findings of higher socioeconomic inequality in stunting in urban areas and demonstrate that this also holds for under-5 mortality. In a considerable number of countries, the urban poor actually have higher rates of stunting and mortality than their rural counterparts. The findings imply that there is a need for programs that target the urban poor, and that this is becoming more necessary as the size of the urban population grows.

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Heights and Living Standards of English Workers During the Early Years of Industrializations, 1770–1815

Stephen Nicholas, Richard Steckel (1991)

We employed data on the heights of English and Irish male convicts transported to Australia to assess the living standards of workers between 1770 and 1815. Falling heights of urban-and rural-born males after 1780 and a delayed growth spurt for 13- to 23-year-old boys revealed declining living standards among English workers during the Industrial Revolution. This conclusion was supported by the fall in English workers' heights relative to that of convicts transported from Ireland. Significant urban-rural and regional variations in English living standards were revealed by using regression techniques.