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      Gênero, direitos sexuais e suas implicações na saúde Translated title: Gender and sexual rights: their implications on health and healthcare

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          Abstract

          Resumo O artigo objetiva problematizar aspectos relacionados a gênero e direitos sexuais, bem como suas implicações no campo da saúde. Para isso, utiliza-se o ensaio como desenho metodológico. Na primeira parte, procura-se discutir o feminicídio, destacando-se que há mortes de mulheres devido ao fato de serem mulheres que se constituem de situações de lesa humanidade ou femi-genocídio. Em seguida, trata-se da diversidade sexual e de gênero, com ênfase na fragilidade do direito a ter direitos, que se expressa na piora das condições de saúde da população LGBTI (Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis, Transexuais e Intersexo). Por último, discute-se o reconhecimento da pluralidade de gênero e o limite aos direitos dos corpos fora da norma, criticando-se a reiteração da normatividade cisgênera e binária que pode reforçar a vulnerabilidade em saúde de pessoas trans e demais corpos e identidades não normativos. Conclui-se que, nos 30 anos de existência do Sistema Único de Saúde, não se pode desconsiderar avanços no campo político, muitos deles criados por conta de movimentos sociais e iniciativas que procuram enfrentar o feminicídio e a não assistência adequada às pessoas LGBTI. Frente aos desafios, reitera-se a relação necessária entre promoção da saúde e proteção de direitos humanos relacionados a gênero e a sexualidade.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract This article is an objective examination of aspects of gender and sexual rights, and their implications in the field of health field, using the methodology of an essay. The first part discusses femicide, highlighting that there are deaths of women due to the fact of being women, which constitute what could be described as the crimes of lèse-humanité or ‘femi-genocide’. The second part discusses sexual and gender diversity, with an emphasis on the fragility of the ‘right to have rights’ expressed in the deterioration in health conditions of the population that is LGBTI (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transvestites, Transsexuals and Intersex). Finally, the essay discusses recognition of gender plurality, and the limitations imposed on the rights of non-usual normativebodies bodies; criticism is directed at reiteration of the binary and cisgender normative ethos, which can exacerbate the health vulnerability of people with trans and other non-normative bodies and identities. It is concluded that, in the 30 years’ existence of Brazil’s Unified Health System (SUS), there have been advances in the political sphere, many of them created by or as a result of social movements, and initiatives that seek to confront femicide and the inadequate assistance available to LGBTI people. In the context of these challenges, it is reiterated that there is a necessary relationship between promotion of health and protection of human rights related to gender and sexuality.

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          Most cited references24

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          A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health.

          We provide estimates of several leading US adult health indicators by sexual orientation identity and gender to fill gaps in the current literature. We aggregated data from the 2001-2008 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance surveys (N = 67,359) to examine patterns in self-reported health by sexual orientation identity and gender, using multivariable logistic regression. Compared with heterosexuals, sexual minorities (i.e., gays/lesbians, 2% of sample; bisexuals, 1%) were more likely to report activity limitation, tension or worry, smoking, drug use, asthma, lifetime sexual victimization, and HIV testing, but did not differ on 3-year Papanicolaou tests, lifetime mammography, diabetes, or heart disease. Compared with heterosexuals, bisexuals reported more barriers to health care, current sadness, past-year suicidal ideation, and cardiovascular disease risk. Gay men were less likely to be overweight or obese and to obtain prostate-specific antigen tests, and lesbians were more likely to be obese and to report multiple risks for cardiovascular disease. Binge drinking and lifetime physical intimate partner victimization were more common among bisexual women. Sexual orientation disparities in chronic disease risk, victimization, health care access, mental health, and smoking merit increased attention. More research on heterogeneity in health and health determinants among sexual minorities is needed.
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            Gênero uma categoria útil de analise histórica

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              Using a two-step method to measure transgender identity in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain.

              Few comparative data are available internationally to examine health differences by transgender identity. A barrier to monitoring the health and well-being of transgender people is the lack of inclusion of measures to assess natal sex/gender identity status in surveys. Data were from a cross-sectional anonymous online survey of members (n > 36,000) of a sexual networking website targeting men who have sex with men in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries/territories in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. Natal sex/gender identity status was assessed using a two-step method (Step 1: assigned birth sex, Step 2: current gender identity). Male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male (FTM) participants were compared to non-transgender males in age-adjusted regression models on socioeconomic status (SES) (education, income, sex work), masculine gender conformity, psychological health and well-being (lifetime suicidality, past-week depressive distress, positive self-worth, general self-rated health, gender related stressors), and sexual health (HIV-infection, past-year STIs, past-3 month unprotected anal or vaginal sex). The two-step method identified 190 transgender participants (0.54%; 158 MTF, 32 FTM). Of the 12 health-related variables, six showed significant differences between the three groups: SES, masculine gender conformity, lifetime suicidality, depressive distress, positive self-worth, and past-year genital herpes. A two-step approach is recommended for health surveillance efforts to assess natal sex/gender identity status. Cognitive testing to formally validate assigned birth sex and current gender identity survey items in Spanish and Portuguese is encouraged.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                June 2018
                : 23
                : 6
                : 1997-2006
                Affiliations
                [2] Rio de Janeiro Bahia orgnameSecretaria Municipal de Saúde de Saúde orgdiv1Superintendência de Promoção da Saúde Brazil
                [1] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Criança, da Mulher e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira Brazil romeugo@ 123456gmail.com
                [4] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Escola de Enfermagem Brazil
                [3] Campinas SP orgnameNúcleo de Estudos de Gênero Pagu orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais Brasil
                Article
                S1413-81232018000601997
                10.1590/1413-81232018236.04872018
                29972506
                625ea91b-836f-454d-9190-98e5843a0f95

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 January 2018
                : 26 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Sexual rights,Direitos sexuais,Saúde,Gênero,Gender,Health
                Sexual rights, Direitos sexuais, Saúde, Gênero, Gender, Health

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