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      Physical Activity Promotion in the Preschool Years: A Critical Period to Intervene

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          Abstract

          The primary aim of this paper is to provide a rationale for the necessity of intervening with a physical activity intervention in the preschool years and why the daycare environment is amenable to such intervention. We also review the prevalence of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and obesity in the preschool population and the impact that these lifestyle behaviours and conditions have on the health of preschool aged children, as secondary objectives. Moreover we discuss implications for intervention and research using a “lessons learned” model based on our research team’s experience of conducting a randomized controlled trial aimed at increasing physical activity, reducing sedentary behaviour and improving motor skill development and body composition in preschoolers. Lastly, we make conclusions based on the literature and highlight issues and directions that need to be addressed in future research in order to maximize health promotion and chronic disease prevention in the pediatric population.

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          Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure

          Cara B Ebbeling, Dorota Pawlak, David Ludwig (2002)
          The Lancet, 360(9331), 473-482
          Article 0 comments Cited 483 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease.

            W Dietz (1998)
            Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their nonoverweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. Many of the cardiovascular consequences that characterize adult-onset obesity are preceded by abnormalities that begin in childhood. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance occur with increased frequency in obese children and adolescents. The relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to visceral fat independent of total body fat remains unclear. Sleep apnea, pseudotumor cerebri, and Blount's disease represent major sources of morbidity for which rapid and sustained weight reduction is essential. Although several periods of increased risk appear in childhood, it is not clear whether obesity with onset early in childhood carries a greater risk of adult morbidity and mortality. Obesity is now the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Although obesity-associated morbidities occur more frequently in adults, significant consequences of obesity as well as the antecedents of adult disease occur in obese children and adolescents. In this review, I consider the adverse effects of obesity in children and adolescents and attempt to outline areas for future research. I refer to obesity as a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and gender.
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              Childhood motor skill proficiency as a predictor of adolescent physical activity.

              Lisa Barnett, Eric van Beurden, Philip J Morgan … (2009)
              Cross-sectional evidence has demonstrated the importance of motor skill proficiency to physical activity participation, but it is unknown whether skill proficiency predicts subsequent physical activity. In 2000, children's proficiency in object control (kick, catch, throw) and locomotor (hop, side gallop, vertical jump) skills were assessed in a school intervention. In 2006/07, the physical activity of former participants was assessed using the Australian Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire. Linear regressions examined relationships between the reported time adolescents spent participating in moderate-to-vigorous or organized physical activity and their childhood skill proficiency, controlling for gender and school grade. A logistic regression examined the probability of participating in vigorous activity. Of 481 original participants located, 297 (62%) consented and 276 (57%) were surveyed. All were in secondary school with females comprising 52% (144). Adolescent time in moderate-to-vigorous and organized activity was positively associated with childhood object control proficiency. Respective models accounted for 12.7% (p = .001), and 18.2% of the variation (p = .003). Object control proficient children became adolescents with a 10% to 20% higher chance of vigorous activity participation. Object control proficient children were more likely to become active adolescents. Motor skill development should be a key strategy in childhood interventions aiming to promote long-term physical activity.
              Article 0 comments Cited 239 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 April 2012
                Publication date (Print): April 2012
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 1326-1342
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Healthy Active Living & Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; Email: ggoldfield@ 123456cheo.on.ca (G.S.G.); aharvey@ 123456cheo.on.ca (A.H.); kgrattan@ 123456cheo.on.ca (K.G.)
                [2 ]Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
                [3 ]School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
                [4 ]School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
                [5 ]Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: kadamo@ 123456cheo.on.ca ; Tel.: +1-613-737-7600 (ext. 4190); Fax: +1-613-738-4800.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-09-01326
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9041326
                PMC ID: 3366614
                PubMed ID: 22690196
                SO-VID: 6299acf4-fe5e-4e5d-af77-91b065ec5fb7
                Copyright © © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 February 2012
                Date revision received : 13 March 2012
                Date accepted : 22 March 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: obesity,preschoolers,prevention,critical period,physical activity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: obesity, preschoolers, prevention, critical period, physical activity

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