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      Sunbed Use among 11- to 17-Year-Olds and Estimated Number of Commercial Sunbeds in England with Implications for a ‘Buy-Back’ Scheme

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          Abstract

          Prior to 2011 legislation prohibiting children from using commercial sunbeds, the prevalence of sunbed use in 15- to 17-year-olds in some areas in England was as high as 50%. Despite significant decreases since 2011, children today still practice indoor tanning. We estimated current sunbed use in 11- to 17-year-olds in England, the number of available commercial sunbed units, and the associated cost of a ‘buy-back’ scheme to remove commercial sunbeds under a potential future policy to ban sunbeds. We undertook a calibration approach based on published prevalence rates in English adults and other sources. Internet searches were undertaken to estimate the number of sunbed providers in Greater Manchester, then we extrapolated this to England. Estimated mean prevalence of sunbed use was 0.6% for 11- to 14-year-olds and 2.5% for 15- to 17-year-olds, equating to 62,130 children using sunbeds in England. A predicted 2958 premises and 17,865 sunbeds exist nationally and a ‘buy-back’ scheme would cost approximately GBP 21.7 million. Public health concerns remain greatest for 11- to 17-year-olds who are particularly vulnerable to developing skin cancers after high ultraviolet exposure.

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          Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up.

          Regular sunscreen use prevents cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma long term, but the effect on melanoma is highly controversial. We evaluated whether long-term application of sunscreen decreases risk of cutaneous melanoma. In 1992, 1,621 randomly selected residents of Nambour, a township in Queensland, Australia, age 25 to 75 years, were randomly assigned to daily or discretionary sunscreen application to head and arms in combination with 30 mg beta carotene or placebo supplements until 1996. Participants were observed until 2006 with questionnaires and/or through pathology laboratories and the cancer registry to ascertain primary melanoma occurrence. Ten years after trial cessation, 11 new primary melanomas had been identified in the daily sunscreen group, and 22 had been identified in the discretionary group, which represented a reduction of the observed rate in those randomly assigned to daily sunscreen use (hazard ratio [HR], 0.50; 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.02; P = .051). The reduction in invasive melanomas was substantial (n = 3 in active v 11 in control group; HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.97) compared with that for preinvasive melanomas (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.81). Melanoma may be preventable by regular sunscreen use in adults.
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            Indoor tanning prevalence after the International Agency for Research on Cancer statement on carcinogenicity of artificial tanning devices: systematic review and meta‐analysis

            Exposure to artificial tanning devices is carcinogenic to humans, and government regulations to restrict or ban indoor tanning appear to be increasing.
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              Melanoma incidence trends and survival in adolescents and young adults in Queensland, Australia

              Cutaneous melanoma is a relatively common cancer in adolescents and young adults in Australia, but detailed information about occurrence patterns and prognosis is limited. We evaluated incidence trends from 1982 to 2010 and recent survival rates in those aged 15–24 years in the state of Queensland. In situ and invasive melanoma cases were identified from the Queensland Cancer Registry. Incidence rates were age-standardised to the 2000 World population and trends calculated using joinpoint regression. Five-year relative survival was estimated by the period method and Poisson models were used to produce adjusted mortality hazard ratios. Average annual incidence rates for the 5-year period 2006–2010 were 6.3 per 100,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4, 7.2] for in situ and 10.1 per 100,000 (95% CI 9.0, 11.3) for invasive melanoma. Since the mid-1990s, incidence rates for in situ melanomas have been stabilizing while invasive melanoma has decreased in both sexes, mainly owing to declining rates of thin tumours (≤1 mm) (−5.4% per year, 95% CI −8.3%, −2.4%). Incidence rates of melanomas >1 mm in thickness have remained relatively unchanged since 1991 however. In the period 2006–2010, relative 5-year survival of 15–24 year olds with invasive melanoma was 95.7% (95% CI 92.9%, 97.5%). The subgroup with tumours >1 mm was nearly six times more likely to die within 5 years than those with thin tumours (adjusted hazard ratio = 5.53, 95% CI 1.72, 17.80). Incidence of thin melanoma in young people in Queensland is declining, suggesting benefits of primary prevention efforts are being realised. What's new? Although some of the highest known incidence rates ofcutaneous melanoma are found in Queensland, Australia, few studies have examined incidence specifically among 15- to 24-year-olds in the state. This evaluation shows that the incidence of invasive melanoma is relatively high for the 15- to 24-year-old age group. However, incidence rates were found to have declined generally among Queensland's adolescents and young adults since the mid- to late 1990s. The decline may be a reflection of successful primary prevention efforts in young people in recent decades.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Children (Basel)
                Children (Basel)
                children
                Children
                MDPI
                2227-9067
                14 May 2021
                May 2021
                : 8
                : 5
                : 393
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Q4006, Australia; Adele.Green@ 123456qimrberghofer.edu.au
                [2 ]School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane Q4059, Australia
                [3 ]School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane Q4006, Australia
                [4 ]Manchester Centre for Health Economics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; rob.hainsworth@ 123456manchester.ac.uk (R.H.); Martin.Eden@ 123456manchester.ac.uk (M.E.); Megan.Grant@ 123456cruk.manchester.ac.uk (M.G.); katherine.payne@ 123456manchester.ac.uk (K.P.)
                [5 ]Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Tracy.Epton@ 123456manchester.ac.uk
                [6 ]Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester & Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; paul.lorigan@ 123456nhs.net
                [7 ]Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester & Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: louisa.gordon@ 123456qimrberghofer.edu.au ; Tel.: +61-7-3845-3717
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3159-4249
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-2527
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-191X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-4841
                Article
                children-08-00393
                10.3390/children8050393
                8156792
                62b1e725-d0ee-44c6-af86-b6200f1a384b
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 07 April 2021
                : 06 May 2021
                Categories
                Article

                indoor tanning,sunbeds,children,prevalence
                indoor tanning, sunbeds, children, prevalence

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