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      Socio-cultural factors for breastfeeding cessation and their relationship with child diarrhoea in the rural high-altitude Peruvian Andes – a qualitative study

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          Abstract

          Background

          In some areas of the world, breast milk is seen as a potential source of child diarrhoea. While this belief has been explored in African and Southeast Asian countries, it remains vastly understudied in Latin American contexts. We investigate socio-cultural factors contributing to breastfeeding cessation in rural high-altitude populations of the Peruvian Andes. The role of socio- cultural factors in the local explanatory model of child diarrhoea, and whether these perceptions were integrated in the local healthcare system were assessed.

          Methods

          Within the framework of a randomised controlled trial, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 mothers and 15 health personnel from local healthcare centres involved in the trial.

          Results

          Cultural beliefs on breastfeeding cessation included the perception that breast milk turned into “blood” after six months and that breastfeeding caused child diarrhoea. We identified eight local types of child diarrhoea, and women linked six of them with breastfeeding practices. “Infection” was the only diarrhoea mothers linked to hygiene and the germ disease concept and perceived as treatable through drug therapy. Women believed that other types of diarrhoea could not be treated within the formal healthcare sector. Interviews with health personnel revealed no protocol for, or consensus about, the integration of the local explanatory model of child diarrhoea in local healthcare and service provision.

          Conclusions

          The local explanatory model in rural Andean Peru connected breastfeeding with child diarrhoeas. Cultural beliefs regarding diarrhoea management may increase home treatments, even in cases of severe diarrhoeal episodes. Future national breastfeeding support programmes should promote peer-counselling approaches to reduce negative attitudes towards breastfeeding and health practitioners. Local explanatory models should be incorporated into provincial and regional strategies for child diarrhoea management to promote equity in health and improve provider-patient relationships.

          Resumen

          Antecedentes

          En diferentes partes del mundo, la leche materna es percibida como una fuente potencial de diarreas infantiles. Mientras que estas creencias se han estudiado en África o el Sudeste Asiático, su análisis en el contexto latinoamericano es limitado. Esta investigación se centra en el estudio de los factores culturales que contribuyen al cese de la lactancia materna en poblaciones rurales de los Andes peruanos. Al mismo tiempo, también se analiza el papel de estos factores culturales en el modelo explicativo local de diarreas infantiles y la integración de las creencias en los servicios locales de salud.

          Métodos

          Dentro de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 40 mujeres y 15 trabajadores de salud de centros participantes en el ensayo.

          Resultados

          Las creencias culturales en torno a la lactancia maternal incluían la percepción de que la leche materna se convierten en “sangre” a los seis meses del parto y que la leche materna causaba diarreas en los niños lactantes. Identificamos ocho tipos de diarreas locales, seis de las cuales fueron asociadas con la lactancia por las madres participantes. “Infección” resultó ser el único tipo de diarrea que las madres asociaron con los principios de la higiene y la teoría microbiana de la enfermedad y percibían como curable por medio de medicamentos. Las mujeres creían que el resto de diarreas locales no podían ser tratadas dentro del sistema de salud. Las entrevistas con el personal sanitario indicaron una falta de protocolos y consenso sobre cómo integrar el sistema de creencias locales en torno a las diarreas infantiles en los servicios de salud.

          Conclusiones

          El modelo explicativo local en zonas rurales de los Andes peruanos asocia la lactancia con las diarreas infantiles. Estas creencias culturales dan lugar a prácticas de manejo de diarreas infantiles que pueden incrementar los tratamientos domiciliarios, incluso en episodios de diarrea severos. Futuros programas nacionales de apoyo a la lactancia materna deben promover la consejería y apoyo de pares y profesionales de salud con la finalidad de reducir las actitudes negativas hacia la lactancia materna y el personal de salud. Los modelos explicativos locales de las diarreas infantiles deberían incorporarse a las estrategias provinciales y regionales con la finalidad de promover la equidad en salud y mejorar las relaciones médico-paciente.

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          Most cited references74

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.

          Qualitative research explores complex phenomena encountered by clinicians, health care providers, policy makers and consumers. Although partial checklists are available, no consolidated reporting framework exists for any type of qualitative design. To develop a checklist for explicit and comprehensive reporting of qualitative studies (in depth interviews and focus groups). We performed a comprehensive search in Cochrane and Campbell Protocols, Medline, CINAHL, systematic reviews of qualitative studies, author or reviewer guidelines of major medical journals and reference lists of relevant publications for existing checklists used to assess qualitative studies. Seventy-six items from 22 checklists were compiled into a comprehensive list. All items were grouped into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. Duplicate items and those that were ambiguous, too broadly defined and impractical to assess were removed. Items most frequently included in the checklists related to sampling method, setting for data collection, method of data collection, respondent validation of findings, method of recording data, description of the derivation of themes and inclusion of supporting quotations. We grouped all items into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. The criteria included in COREQ, a 32-item checklist, can help researchers to report important aspects of the research team, study methods, context of the study, findings, analysis and interpretations.
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            • Record: found
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            • Article: not found

            Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

            The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.
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              Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                daniel.maeusezahl@unibas.ch
                Journal
                Int J Equity Health
                Int J Equity Health
                International Journal for Equity in Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1475-9276
                16 July 2021
                16 July 2021
                2021
                : 20
                : 165
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.416786.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0587 0574, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, ; P.O. Box CH-4002, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
                [2 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, University of Basel, ; P.O. Box CH-4001, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
                [3 ]GRID grid.11100.31, ISNI 0000 0001 0673 9488, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, ; Av. Honorio Delgado 430, urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P, Lima, Peru
                [4 ]Partners for Applied Social Sciences (Pass-International), Baal 58, Tessenderlo, 3980 Belgium
                [5 ]GRID grid.410367.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2284 9230, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ; Avinguda Catalunya 35, Tarragona, 43005 Spain
                Article
                1505
                10.1186/s12939-021-01505-3
                8283925
                34271931
                62f1ec0d-a045-40d3-bbe1-fef0f16a1d19
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 23 November 2020
                : 4 July 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008391, UBS Optimus Foundation;
                Award ID: UBS Optimus Foundation
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004828, Grand Challenges Canada;
                Award ID: Grand Challenges Canada
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Health & Social care
                breastfeeding,child,child diarrhoea,socio-cultural factors,female,local explanatory models,peer-counselling,pregnancy,social norms,peru,lactancia,niño,diarrea infantil,factores socioculturales,mujeres,modelos explicativos locales,consejería entre pares,embarazo,normas sociales,perú

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