A critical review on the biochar production techniques, characterization, stability and applications for circular bioeconomy

Graphical abstract

Highlights

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  Recent research on remediation of toxic pollutants by biochar has been summarized.

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  The production techniques of the biochar have been narrated.

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  Biochar properties, stability and its environmental issues have been analysed.

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  Applications of biochar in soil fertility and removing pollutants have been reported.

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  The major stumbling block in biochar production is cost of production.

Abstract

There is an upsurge enthusiasm for utilizing biochar produced from waste-biomass in different fields, to address the most important ecological issues. This review is focused on an overview of remediating harmful contaminants utilizing biochar. Production of biochar utilizing various systems has been discussed. Biochar has received the consideration of numerous analysts in building up their proficiency to remediate contaminants. Process parameters are fundamentally answerable for deciding the yield of biomass. Biochar derived from biomass is an exceptionally rich wellspring of carbon produced from biomass utilizing thermal combustion. Activating biochar is another particular region for the growing utilization of biochar for expelling specific contaminations. Closed-loop systems to produce biochar creates more opportunities. Decentralized biochar production techniques serve as an effective way of providing employment opportunities, managing wastes, increasing resource proficiency in circular bioeconomy. This paper also covers knowledge gaps and perspectives in the field of remediation of toxic pollutants using biochar.