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      Territoriality and the organization of technology during the Last Glacial Maximum in southwestern Europe

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          Abstract

          Climate changes that occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) had significant consequences in human eco-dynamics across Europe. Among the most striking impacts are the demographic contraction of modern humans into southern refugia and the potential formation of a population bottleneck. In Iberia and southern France transformations also included the occurrence of significant technological changes, mostly marked by the emergence of a diverse set of bifacially-shaped stone projectiles. The rapid dissemination of bifacial technologies and the geographical circumscription of specific projectile morphologies within these regions have been regarded as evidence for: (1) the existence of a system of long-distance exchange and social alliance networks; (2) the organization of human groups into cultural facies with well-defined stylistic territorial boundaries. However, the degree and modes in which cultural transmission have occurred within these territories, and how it may have influenced other domains of the adaptive systems, remains largely unknown. Using southern Iberia as a case-study, this paper presents the first quantitative approach to the organization of lithic technology and its relationship to hunter-gatherers’ territorial organization during the LGM. Similarities and dissimilarities in the presence of morphological and metric data describing lithic technologies are used as a proxy to explore modes and degrees of cultural transmission. Statistical results show that similarities in technological options are dependent on the chronology and geographical distance between sites and corroborate previous arguments for the organization of LGM settlement in Southern Iberia into discrete eco-cultural facies.

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          Demography and Cultural Evolution: How Adaptive Cultural Processes can Produce Maladaptive Losses: The Tasmanian Case

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              Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points

              The results of a study on the relationship between stylistic variation in Kalahari San projectile points and aspects of San social organization are summarized. Five issues relevant to archaeology are discussed in light of the San data: (1) stylistic behavior and the different aspects of style, (2) which items of material culture carry social information and why, (3) which attributes on San projectile points carry social information, (4) what the results of the analysis of stylistic variation in projectile points imply for current methods of stylistic analysis and interpretation, and (5) the correspondence between style in San projectile points and San organization.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                11 December 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 12
                : e0225828
                Affiliations
                [001]ICArEHB, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
                Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-8892
                Article
                PONE-D-19-26036
                10.1371/journal.pone.0225828
                6905521
                31826017
                6304c9ac-361e-473b-aa79-a4087c5f4863
                © 2019 João Cascalheira

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 September 2019
                : 13 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 17, Tables: 3, Pages: 32
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: SFRH/BD/65527/2009
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: SFRH/BPD/96277/2013
                Award Recipient :
                Financial support for the analysis of the materials included in this study was provided to JC by the Portuguese National Science Foundation (FCT) (grant SFRH/BD/65527/2009) and by a STSM COST action (ref. COST-STSM-TD0902-10855). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The author is funded by FCT, contract ref. DL 57/2016/CP1361/CT0026. Work at Vale Boi is funded by the project ALG-01-0145-FEDER-27833 - PTDC/HAR-ARQ/27833/2017.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Social Sciences
                Anthropology
                Paleoanthropology
                Lithic Technology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleoanthropology
                Lithic Technology
                Earth Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleoanthropology
                Lithic Technology
                Social Sciences
                Anthropology
                Physical Anthropology
                Paleoanthropology
                Lithic Technology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physical Anthropology
                Paleoanthropology
                Lithic Technology
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Culture
                Social Sciences
                Anthropology
                Paleoanthropology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleoanthropology
                Earth Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleoanthropology
                Social Sciences
                Anthropology
                Physical Anthropology
                Paleoanthropology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physical Anthropology
                Paleoanthropology
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Raw Materials
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chemical Characterization
                Isotope Analysis
                Radioactive Carbon Dating
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Europe
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Analysis of Variance
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Analysis of Variance
                Custom metadata
                The complete R code used for all the analysis and visualizations contained in this paper is available at http://www.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YD2VE. The files provided contain all the raw data used in our analysis as well as a custom R package holding the code to produce all tables and figures.

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