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      Thermal treatment using microwave irradiation for the phytosanitation of Xylella fastidiosa in pecan graftwood

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          Abstract

          Pecan bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa is an emerging disease for the U.S. and international pecan industries and can be transmitted from scion to rootstock via grafting. With the expanse of global transportation and trade networks, phytosanitation is critical for reducing the spread of economically significant pathogens, such as X. fastidiosa. We developed and evaluated thermal treatments using microwave irradiation and microwave absorbers [sterile deionized water (dH 2O) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)] as novel disinfectant methods for remediating X. fastidiosa in pecan scions. Partial submergence of scions in dH 2O or CNT dispersions resulted in the transport of microwave absorbers in the xylem tissue via transpiration but did not compromise plant health. The microwave absorbers effectively transferred heat to the scion wood to reach an average temperature range of 55–65°C. Microwave radiation exposure for 6 sec (3 sec for two iterations) of CNT- or dH 2O-treated scions reduced the frequency of X. fastidiosa-positive in pecan scions without negatively affecting plant viability when compared to the control group (dH 2O-treated with no microwave). The efficacy of the new thermal treatments based on microwave irradiation was comparable to the conventional hot-water treatment (HWT) method, in which scions were submerged in 46°C water for 30 min. Microwave irradiation can be employed to treat X. fastidiosa-infected scions where the conventional HWT treatment is not feasible. This study is the first report to demonstrate novel thermal treatment methods based on the microwave irradiation and microwave absorbers of dH 2O and CNT as an application for the phytosanitation of xylem-inhabiting bacteria in graftwood.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Methodology
                Role: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 January 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 1
                : e0244758
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
                [2 ] USDA-ARS Pecan Breeding and Genetics, Somerville, Texas, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
                Auburn University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-2285
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-7721
                Article
                PONE-D-20-20894
                10.1371/journal.pone.0244758
                7816998
                33471831
                630a10cf-4438-4c97-a454-be7cc72c77d8

                This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

                History
                : 6 July 2020
                : 15 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007917, Agricultural Research Service;
                Award ID: 3091-21000-042-00D
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007917, Agricultural Research Service;
                Award ID: 6042-21220-012-00D
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Plant Germplasm System
                Award ID: 58-3091-6-002
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Southern IPM Center
                Award ID: 1702922
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by USDA ARS CRIS 3091–21000-042-00D “Management of the National Collection of Carya Genetic Resources and Associated Information”; USDA-ARS CRIS 6042–21220–012-00-D “Mitigating Alternate Bearing of Pecan”; National Plant Germplasm System Grant 58–3091–6-022 “Screening Xylella fastidiosa in the USDA ARS National Collection of Genetic Resources for Carya”; and the Southern Integrative Pest Management (IPM) Center Program (project #1702922). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Electromagnetic Radiation
                Microwave Radiation
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Elements
                Carbon
                Fullerenes
                Carbon Nanotubes
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Nanomaterials
                Nanotubes
                Carbon Nanotubes
                Engineering and Technology
                Nanotechnology
                Nanomaterials
                Nanotubes
                Carbon Nanotubes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Xylella Fastidiosa
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Xylella Fastidiosa
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Wood
                Engineering and Technology
                Equipment
                Measurement Equipment
                Thermocouples
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Trees
                Pecans
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancer Treatment
                Radiation Therapy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Clinical Medicine
                Clinical Oncology
                Radiation Therapy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Clinical Oncology
                Radiation Therapy
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Vascular Bundles
                Xylem
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Plant Physiology
                Vascular Bundles
                Xylem
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Physiology
                Vascular Bundles
                Xylem
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.

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