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      Biomarkers and fluctuating asymmetry as indicators of pollution-induced stress in two hole-nesting passerines

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      Functional Ecology
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Visualization of an Oxygen-deficient Bottom Water Circulation in Osaka Bay, Japan

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            Fluctuating asymmetry: an epigenetic measure of stress.

            (1) Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a useful trait for monitoring stress in the laboratory and in natural environments. (2) Both genomic and environmental changes can increase FA which represents a deterioration in developmental homeostasis apparent in adult morphology. Genetic perturbations include intense directional selection and certain specific genes. Environmental perturbations include temperature extremes in particular, protein deprivation, audiogenic stress, and exposure to pollutants. (3) There is a negative association between FA and heterozygosity in a range of taxa especially fish, a result consistent with FA being a measure of fitness. (4) Scattered reports on non-experimental populations are consistent with experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. FA tends to increase as habitats become ecologically marginal; this includes exposure to environmental toxicants. (5) In our own species, FA of an increasing range of traits has been related to both environmental and genomic stress. (6) Domestication increases FA of the strength of homologous long bones of vertebrate species due to a relaxation of natural selection. (7) FA levels are paralleled by the incidence of skeletal abnormalities in stressful environments. (8) Increased FA is a reflection of poorer developmental homeostasis at the molecular, chromosomal and epigenetic levels.
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              Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress: Implications for conservation biology.

              Extinction can be attributed broadly to environmental or genetic stress. The ability to detect such stresses before they seriously affect a population can enhance the effectiveness of conservation programs. Recent studies have shown that within-individual morphological variability may provide a valuable early indicator of environmental and genetic stress. Copyright © 1989. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Functional Ecology
                Funct Ecology
                Wiley-Blackwell
                0269-8463
                1365-2435
                April 2000
                April 2000
                : 14
                : 2
                : 235-243
                Article
                10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00406.x
                630cd31d-df9e-457a-838e-a30040793a50
                © 2000

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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