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      Utilidad de una estrategia nutricional sobre la dislipidemia en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad renal crónica terminal Translated title: Usefulness of a nutritional strategy on dyslipidemia in pediatric patients with terminal chronic kidney disease

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) existen múltiples factores que incrementan la presencia de la dislipidemia. El objetivo fue identificar la utilidad de una intervención nutricional sobre la dislipidemia, en niños con ERC terminal, a los 6 meses del inicio de la intervención. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental (antes y después). Se incluyeron pacientes con ERC terminal en diálisis peritoneal y hemodiálisis. A cada niño se le realizaron una somatometría y un perfil de lípidos al inicio y a los 6 meses de seguimiento. Se realizó un manual de alimentación con semaforización de los alimentos, poniendo de color rojo los alimentos que se deben consumir en la menor cantidad posible, además de incluir alimentos a tamaño real utilizando modelos educativos. Para comparar las variables cuantitativas antes y después de la intervención se transformaron las variables a su logaritmo y se aplicó la “t” de Student pareada. Resultados: se analizaron 41 pacientes. Posteriormente a la intervención se modificaron los parámetros del perfil lipídico; las concentraciones de HDL se incrementaron (41,0 mg/dL vs. 44,4 mg/dL, p = 0,048), mientras que las concentraciones de triglicéridos disminuyeron (227,1 mg/dL vs. 185.9 mg/dL, p = 0,007), lo cual persiste incluso una vez excluidos aquellos pacientes que se encontraban bajo tratamiento hipolipemiante (195 mg/dL vs. 171,6, p = 0,049). En cuanto al estado de dislipidemia, la hipertrigliceridemia disminuyó sin alcanzar la significancia (80,5 % vs. 62,5 %, p = 0,073). Conclusiones: la intervención nutricional mejoró las concentraciones de HDL y triglicéridos pasados 6 meses de la intervención en niños con ERC terminal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective: in chronic kidney disease (CKD) there are several factors that increase the presence of dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to identify the usefulness of a nutritional intervention, in children with terminal CKD, on dyslipidemia 6 months after intervention start. Materials and methods: a quasi-experiment study (before and after) was performed. End-stage CKD patients on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis were included. Each child underwent a determination somatometry, and lipid profile at the beginning and at 6 months of follow-up. A nutritional guide was made with food traffic lights, turning the food that should be consumed in the least amount possible in red. In addition to including life-size food using educational models. To compare the quantitative variables before and after the intervention, the variables were transformed to their logarithm and a paired Student's t-test was applied. Results: a total of 41 patients were analyzed. After the intervention, the parameters in the lipid profile were modified; meanwhile HDL concentrations increased (41.0 mg/dL vs 44.4 mg/dL, p = 0.048), triglyceride concentrations decreased (227.1 mg/dL vs 185.9 mg/dL, p = 0.007), and these changes persist even after excluding patients who were under lipid-lowering treatment (195 mg/dL vs 171.6, p = 0.049). Regarding the state of dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia decreased, without reaching significance (80.5 % vs 62.5 %, p = 0.073). Conclusions: the nutritional intervention improved HDL and triglyceride concentrations 6 months afterwards in children with terminal CKD.

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          Most cited references23

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          K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification.

          (2002)
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            Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease

            For many years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading cause of death around the world. Often associated with CVD are comorbidities such as obesity, abnormal lipid profiles and insulin resistance. Insulin is a key hormone that functions as a regulator of cellular metabolism in many tissues in the human body. Insulin resistance is defined as a decrease in tissue response to insulin stimulation thus insulin resistance is characterized by defects in uptake and oxidation of glucose, a decrease in glycogen synthesis, and, to a lesser extent, the ability to suppress lipid oxidation. Literature widely suggests that free fatty acids are the predominant substrate used in the adult myocardium for ATP production, however, the cardiac metabolic network is highly flexible and can use other substrates, such as glucose, lactate or amino acids. During insulin resistance, several metabolic alterations induce the development of cardiovascular disease. For instance, insulin resistance can induce an imbalance in glucose metabolism that generates chronic hyperglycemia, which in turn triggers oxidative stress and causes an inflammatory response that leads to cell damage. Insulin resistance can also alter systemic lipid metabolism which then leads to the development of dyslipidemia and the well-known lipid triad: (1) high levels of plasma triglycerides, (2) low levels of high-density lipoprotein, and (3) the appearance of small dense low-density lipoproteins. This triad, along with endothelial dysfunction, which can also be induced by aberrant insulin signaling, contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Regarding the systemic consequences associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic cardiac alterations, it can be concluded that insulin resistance in the myocardium generates damage by at least three different mechanisms: (1) signal transduction alteration, (2) impaired regulation of substrate metabolism, and (3) altered delivery of substrates to the myocardium. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms associated with insulin resistance and the development of CVD. New therapies focused on decreasing insulin resistance may contribute to a decrease in both CVD and atherosclerotic plaque generation.
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              Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies

              Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. Currently, several different definitions of MetS exist, causing substantial confusion as to whether they identify the same individuals or represent a surrogate of risk factors. Recently, a number of other factors besides those traditionally used to define MetS that are also linked to the syndrome have been identified. In this review, we critically consider existing definitions and evolving information, and conclude that there is still a need to develop uniform criteria to define MetS, so as to enable comparisons between different studies and to better identify patients at risk. As the application of the MetS model has not been fully validated in children and adolescents as yet, and because of its alarmingly increasing prevalence in this population, we suggest that diagnosis, prevention and treatment in this age group should better focus on established risk factors rather than the diagnosis of MetS.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2022
                : 39
                : 3
                : 530-536
                Affiliations
                [4] Ciudad de México orgnameSecretaría de Salud (SSA) orgdiv1Hospital Infantil de México «Federico Gómez» orgdiv2Servicio de Medicina del Adolescente México
                [3] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad. Hospital de Pediatría «Doctor Silvestre Frenk Freund». Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI orgdiv2Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición Médica Mexico
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad. Hospital de Pediatría «Doctor Silvestre Frenk Freund». Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI orgdiv2Unidad de Investigación en Análisis y Síntesis de la Evidencia Mexico
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Infantil de México «Federico Gómez» orgdiv1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv2Facultad de Medicina México
                Article
                S0212-16112022000400007 S0212-1611(22)03900300007
                10.20960/nh.03921
                6331ef33-303f-443a-a344-deb0dc961a2d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 January 2022
                : 02 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Nutritional intervention,Dislipidemia,Enfermedad renal crónica,Intervención nutricional,Pediatría,Dyslipidemia,Chronic kidney disease,Pediatrics

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