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      Undervalued potential of crassulacean acid metabolism for current and future agricultural production

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          Abstract

          A review of the agricultural value of plants that use crassulacean acid metabolism, spanning traditional knowledge and uses, recent genomic discoveries, physiological adaptations, and known commercial values.

          Abstract

          The potential for crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to support resilient crops that meet demands for food, fiber, fuel, and pharmaceutical products far exceeds current production levels. This review provides background on five families of plants that express CAM, including examples of many species within these families that have potential agricultural uses. We summarize traditional uses, current developments, management practices, environmental tolerance ranges, and economic values of CAM species with potential commercial applications. The primary benefit of CAM in agriculture is high water use efficiency that allows for reliable crop yields even in drought conditions. Agave species, for example, grow in arid conditions and have been exploited for agricultural products in North and South America for centuries. Yet, there has been very little investment in agricultural improvement for most useful Agave varieties. Other CAM species that are already traded globally include Ananas comosus (pineapple), Aloe spp., Vanilla spp., and Opuntia spp., but there are far more with agronomic uses that are less well known and not yet developed commercially. Recent advances in technology and genomic resources provide tools to understand and realize the tremendous potential for using CAM crops to produce climate-resilient agricultural commodities in the future.

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          The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis.

          Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is the most economically valuable crop possessing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway with high water-use efficiency, and the second most important tropical fruit. We sequenced the genomes of pineapple varieties F153 and MD2 and a wild pineapple relative, Ananas bracteatus accession CB5. The pineapple genome has one fewer ancient whole-genome duplication event than sequenced grass genomes and a conserved karyotype with seven chromosomes from before the ρ duplication event. The pineapple lineage has transitioned from C3 photosynthesis to CAM, with CAM-related genes exhibiting a diel expression pattern in photosynthetic tissues. CAM pathway genes were enriched with cis-regulatory elements associated with the regulation of circadian clock genes, providing the first cis-regulatory link between CAM and circadian clock regulation. Pineapple CAM photosynthesis evolved by the reconfiguration of pathways in C3 plants, through the regulatory neofunctionalization of preexisting genes and not through the acquisition of neofunctionalized genes via whole-genome or tandem gene duplication.
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            The genome sequence of the orchid Phalaenopsis equestris.

            Orchidaceae, renowned for its spectacular flowers and other reproductive and ecological adaptations, is one of the most diverse plant families. Here we present the genome sequence of the tropical epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis equestris, a frequently used parent species for orchid breeding. P. equestris is the first plant with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) for which the genome has been sequenced. Our assembled genome contains 29,431 predicted protein-coding genes. We find that contigs likely to be underassembled, owing to heterozygosity, are enriched for genes that might be involved in self-incompatibility pathways. We find evidence for an orchid-specific paleopolyploidy event that preceded the radiation of most orchid clades, and our results suggest that gene duplication might have contributed to the evolution of CAM photosynthesis in P. equestris. Finally, we find expanded and diversified families of MADS-box C/D-class, B-class AP3 and AGL6-class genes, which might contribute to the highly specialized morphology of orchid flowers.
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              Global Changes in Drought Conditions under Different Levels of Warming

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                J Exp Bot
                J. Exp. Bot
                exbotj
                Journal of Experimental Botany
                Oxford University Press (UK )
                0022-0957
                1460-2431
                15 November 2019
                07 June 2019
                07 June 2019
                : 70
                : 22 , Special Issue: New Perspectives in CAM Biology
                : 6521-6537
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University , Athens, OH, USA
                [2 ] Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University , Athens, OH, USA
                [3 ] Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato , Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
                [4 ] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada , Reno, NV, USA
                [5 ] Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University , Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [6 ] School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
                [7 ] Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
                [8 ] Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Unidad Hermosillo, Sonora, México
                [9 ] Desert Botanical Garden , USA
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-2042
                Article
                erz223
                10.1093/jxb/erz223
                6883259
                31087091
                6342aa46-4e06-4bbe-b170-53aaf365db28
                © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 05 December 2018
                : 03 May 2019
                : 10 June 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 17
                Categories
                Review Papers

                Plant science & Botany
                agave,agroecosystems,aloe,cacti,crops,drought,opuntia,orchid,pineapple,vanilla,water use efficiency
                Plant science & Botany
                agave, agroecosystems, aloe, cacti, crops, drought, opuntia, orchid, pineapple, vanilla, water use efficiency

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