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      Translation and validation of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA)

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The 32-item Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) is a widely-used measure of multidimensional interoception. In the present study, we examined the psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the MAIA.

          Methods

          An online sample of 815 Malaysian Malays (women n = 403) completed a novel translation of the MAIA. Validated measures of trait mindfulness and self-esteem were also completed to facilitate a preliminary assessment of convergent validity.

          Results

          Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the MAIA items reduced to a 19-item, 3-factor model. The 3-factor model was further tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) alongside the parent 8-factor model. Both models had good fit on some indices, but less-than-ideal fit on other indices. The 3-factor model evidenced comparatively better fit, with fit indices being adequate following modification. Multi-group CFA indicated both the 3-factor model and the 8-factor model had full strict invariance across sex. However, evidence for construct and convergent validity was mixed.

          Conclusions

          Overall the 3-dimensional Malay MAIA was demonstrated to be both internally consistent and invariant across sex, but further evidence of construct and convergent validity is required. Issues that affect the dimensionality of MAIA scores in the present and extant work are discussed in conclusion.

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          Most cited references38

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          From alpha to omega: a practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation.

          Thomas J. Dunn, Thom Baguley, Vivienne Brunsden (2014)
          Coefficient alpha is the most popular measure of reliability (and certainly of internal consistency reliability) reported in psychological research. This is noteworthy given the numerous deficiencies of coefficient alpha documented in the psychometric literature. This mismatch between theory and practice appears to arise partly because users of psychological scales are unfamiliar with the psychometric literature on coefficient alpha and partly because alternatives to alpha are not widely known. We present a brief review of the psychometric literature on coefficient alpha, followed by a practical alternative in the form of coefficient omega. To facilitate the shift from alpha to omega, we also present a brief guide to the calculation of point and interval estimates of omega using a free, open source software environment. © 2013 The British Psychological Society.
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            Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body.

            AD (Bud) Craig (2003)
            Converging evidence indicates that primates have a distinct cortical image of homeostatic afferent activity that reflects all aspects of the physiological condition of all tissues of the body. This interoceptive system, associated with autonomic motor control, is distinct from the exteroceptive system (cutaneous mechanoreception and proprioception) that guides somatic motor activity. The primary interoceptive representation in the dorsal posterior insula engenders distinct highly resolved feelings from the body that include pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, muscular and visceral sensations, vasomotor activity, hunger, thirst, and 'air hunger'. In humans, a meta-representation of the primary interoceptive activity is engendered in the right anterior insula, which seems to provide the basis for the subjective image of the material self as a feeling (sentient) entity, that is, emotional awareness.
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              Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance.

              Adam Meade, Emily Johnson, Phillip Braddy (2008)
              Confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance (MI) based on the chi-square statistic are known to be highly sensitive to sample size. For this reason, G. W. Cheung and R. B. Rensvold (2002) recommended using alternative fit indices (AFIs) in MI investigations. In this article, the authors investigated the performance of AFIs with simulated data known to not be invariant. The results indicate that AFIs are much less sensitive to sample size and are more sensitive to a lack of invariance than chi-square-based tests of MI. The authors suggest reporting differences in comparative fit index (CFI) and R. P. McDonald's (1989) noncentrality index (NCI) to evaluate whether MI exists. Although a general value of change in CFI (.002) seemed to perform well in the analyses, condition specific change in McDonald's NCI values exhibited better performance than a single change in McDonald's NCI value. Tables of these values are provided as are recommendations for best practices in MI testing. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jennifer Todd:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-4813
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                David Barron: Role: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jane E. Aspell: Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Evelyn Kheng Lin Toh: Role: Project administrationRole: Resources
                Hanoor Syahirah Zahari: Role: Project administrationRole: Resources
                Nor Azzatunnisak Mohd. Khatib: Role: Project administrationRole: Resources
                Viren Swami: Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Yee Cheng Kueh: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0231048
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
                Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-4813
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-19-32525
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231048
                PMC ID: 7112205
                PubMed ID: 32236136
                SO-VID: 63cb0e46-8682-4a6b-9385-a314e5ab7c8e
                Copyright © © 2020 Todd et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 29 November 2019
                Date accepted : 14 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The first author was supported by a doctoral research grant from Perdana University; there are no other sources of funding to disclose
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Ethnicities
                Subject: Malay People
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Adults
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Subject: Statistical Methods
                Subject: Factor Analysis
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Mathematics
                Subject: Statistics
                Subject: Statistical Methods
                Subject: Factor Analysis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Attention
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Attention
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Attention
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Mathematics
                Subject: Applied Mathematics
                Subject: Algorithms
                Subject: Clustering Algorithms
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Simulation and Modeling
                Subject: Algorithms
                Subject: Clustering Algorithms
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Subject: Mathematical Functions
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All data are available from the Anglia Ruskin figshare repository ( https://doi.org/10.25411/aru.10673534.v1).

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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