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      Claves diagnósticas en el síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico: a propósito de un caso Translated title: Diagnostic clues in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case report

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          Resumen

          El síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico (SHUa) es una entidad clínica caracterizada por anemia hemolítica no inmune, trombopenia y fallo renal, en la que las lesiones están mediadas por un proceso de microangiopatía trombótica (MAT) sistémica. Es una patología rara y cuyo origen es una desregulación del sistema del complemento debido a mutaciones en genes del mismo que llevan a una activación incontrolada de C5 y la formación del complejo de ataque de membrana. Su correcto diagnóstico permite prescribir el tratamiento basado en Eculizumab, inhibidor de C5.

          Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente gestante con SHUa, con el objetivo de destacar la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial precoz para el establecimiento temprano de un tratamiento efectivo de esta patología. Se actualiza la fisiopatología, diagnóstico y estudio genético, así como el manejo terapéutico del SHUa.

          Abstract

          Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a clinical entity characterized by non-immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure, in which lesions are mediated by a systemic thrombotic microangiopathy. It is a rare pathology whose origin is a complement system deregulation due to mutations in its genes that lead to uncontrolled activation of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex.- Its correct diagnosis allows us to prescribe the treatment based on Eculizumab, a C5 inhibitor.

          We report the case of a pregnant patient with aHUS, with the aim of highlighting the importance of early differential diagnosis to establish an early and effective treatment of this pathology. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and genetic study are updated, as well as the therapeutic management of aHUS.

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          Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

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            Relative role of genetic complement abnormalities in sporadic and familial aHUS and their impact on clinical phenotype.

            Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment. Most childhood cases are caused by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. The other form, atypical HUS (aHUS), accounts for 10% of cases and has a poor prognosis. Genetic complement abnormalities have been found in aHUS. We screened 273 consecutive patients with aHUS for complement abnormalities and studied their role in predicting clinical phenotype and response to treatment. We compared mutation frequencies and localization and clinical outcome in familial (82) and sporadic (191) cases. In >70% of sporadic and familial cases, gene mutations, disease-associated factor H (CFH) polymorphisms, or anti-CFH autoantibodies were found. Either mutations or CFH polymorphisms were also found in the majority of patients with secondary aHUS, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Familial cases showed a higher prevalence of mutations in SCR20 of CFH and more severe disease than sporadic cases. Patients with CFH or THBD (thrombomodulin) mutations had the earliest onset and highest mortality. Membrane-cofactor protein (MCP) mutations were associated with the best prognosis. Plasma therapy induced remission in 55 to 80% of episodes in patients with CFH, C3, or THBD mutations or autoantibodies, whereas patients with CFI (factor I) mutations were poor responders. aHUS recurred frequently after kidney transplantation except for patients with MCP mutations. Results underline the need of genetic screening for all susceptibility factors as part of clinical management of aHUS and for identification of patients who could safely benefit from kidney transplant.
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              Pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome revisited in the era of complement gene mutations.

              In contrast to pregnancy-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, the pathogenesis and presentation of pregnancy-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (P-aHUS) remain ill-defined. We conducted a retrospective study to assess the presentation and outcomes of patients presenting with P-aHUS and the prevalence of alternative C3 convertase dysregulation. P-aHUS occurred in 21 of the 100 adult female patients with atypical HUS, with 79% presenting postpartum. We detected complement abnormalities in 18 of the 21 patients. The outcomes were poor: 62% reached ESRD by 1 month and 76% by last follow-up. The risk for P-aHUS was highest during a second pregnancy. Thirty-five women, 26 (74%) of whom had complement abnormalities, had at least one pregnancy before the onset of a non-pregnancy-related aHUS. Outcomes did not differ between patients with pregnancy-related and non-pregnancy-related aHUS. Mutations in the SCR19-20 domains of factor H were less frequent in P-aHUS patients compared with non-pregnancy-related aHUS. Pregnancies in female patients with complement abnormalities (n = 44) were complicated by fetal loss and preeclampsia in 4.8% and 7.7%, respectively. Better understanding of complement dysregulation in pregnancy complications is essential, especially to guide development of pharmacologic agents to modulate this system.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                An Sist Sanit Navar
                An Sist Sanit Navar
                assn
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud
                1137-6627
                2340-3527
                17 August 2022
                May-Aug 2022
                : 45
                : 2
                : e1006
                Affiliations
                [1] originalServicio de Análisis Clínicos. Hospital Universitario de Navarra. Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea. Pamplona. España. normalizedServicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea orgdiv2Servicio de Análisis Clínicos orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de Navarra orgnameServicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea Pamplona, Spain
                Author notes
                [Correspondencia ] Miren Vallejo Ruiz. Servicio de Análisis Clínicos Hospital Universitario de Navarra C/Irunlarrea, 3, 31007, Pamplona, España. E-mail: miren.vallejo.ruiz@ 123456navarra.es

                Conflictos de intereses: Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses.

                Article
                10.23938/ASSN.1006
                10130794
                35975546
                63ceb501-0f12-45c8-96af-fc245845a207

                Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons

                History
                : 15 May 2022
                : 20 June 2022
                : 18 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 0
                Categories
                Notas Clínicas

                síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico,anemia hemolítica microangiopática,vía alternativa del complemento,proteínas del sistema del complemento,eculizumab,atypical hemolytic-uremic síndrome,microangiopathic hemolytic anemia,complement pathway alternative,complement system proteins

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