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      Increased efficiency of direct nanoimprinting on planar and curved bulk titanium through surface modification

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          Graphical abstract

          Highlights

          • Direct nanopatterning of titanium using nanopatterned diamond based stamps.

          • Quantify nanopillar matrix imprint depth with regards to feature size and density.

          • An account of a novel method of reducing the imprint load required to emboss titanium.

          • TEM and EELS analysis following our load reduction treatment.

          • The first demonstration of nanopatterning curved, bulk titanium.

          Abstract

          In this work the direct transfer of nanopatterns into titanium is demonstrated. The nanofeatures are imprinted at room temperature using diamond stamps in a single step. We also show that the imprint properties of the titanium surface can be altered by anodisation yielding a significant reduction in the required imprint force for pattern transfer. The anodisation process is also utilised for curved titanium surfaces where a reduced imprint force is preferable to avoid sample deformation and damage. We finally demonstrate that our process can be applied directly to titanium rods.

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          Most cited references28

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          The control of human mesenchymal cell differentiation using nanoscale symmetry and disorder.

          A key tenet of bone tissue engineering is the development of scaffold materials that can stimulate stem cell differentiation in the absence of chemical treatment to become osteoblasts without compromising material properties. At present, conventional implant materials fail owing to encapsulation by soft tissue, rather than direct bone bonding. Here, we demonstrate the use of nanoscale disorder to stimulate human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to produce bone mineral in vitro, in the absence of osteogenic supplements. This approach has similar efficiency to that of cells cultured with osteogenic media. In addition, the current studies show that topographically treated MSCs have a distinct differentiation profile compared with those treated with osteogenic media, which has implications for cell therapies.
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            Cellular reactions of osteoblasts to micron- and submicron-scale porous structures of titanium surfaces.

            Osteoblast reactions to topographic structures of titanium play a key role in host tissue responses and the final osseointegration. Since it is difficult to fabricate micro- and nano-scale structures on titanium surfaces, little is known about the mechanism whereby the topography of titanium surfaces exerts its effects on cell behavior at the cellular level. In the present study, the titanium surface was structured in micron- and submicron-scale ranges by anodic oxidation in either 0.2 M H3PO4 or 0.03 M calcium glycerophosphate with 0.15 calcium acetate. The average dimensions of pores in the structured surface were about 0.5 and 2 microm in diameter, with roughness averaging at 0.2 and 0.4 microm, respectively. Enhanced attachment of cells (SaOS-2) was shown on micron- and submicron-scale structures. Initial cell reactions to different titanium surfaces, e.g. the development of the actin-containing structures, are determined by the different morphology of the surfaces. It is demonstrated that on either micron- or submicron-structured surfaces, many well-developed filopodia were observed to be primary adhesion structures in cell-substrate interactions, and some of them entered pores using their distinct tips or points along their length for initial attachment. Therefore, porous structures at either micro- or submicrometre scale supply positive guidance cues for anchorage-dependent cells to attach, leading to enhanced cell attachment. In contrast, the cells attached to a smooth titanium surface by focal contacts around their periphery as predominant adhesion structures, since repulsive signals from the environment led to retraction of the filopodia back to the cell bodies. These cells showed well-organized stress fibres, which exert tension across the cell body, resulting in flattened cells.
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              Anodic oxide films containing Ca and P of titanium biomaterial.

              Anodic oxidation and oxide films of titanium in the new electrolyte of calcium glycerophosphate (Ca-GP) and calcium acetate (CA) were investigated by galvanostatic mode, SEM, XRD and EPMA. The anodic oxide film displayed porosity, intermediate roughness, and high crystallinity. Also, the oxide film is enriched with Ca and P and high in thickness without microcracks. According to the surface properties of the oxide film, the optimum condition was that the concentration of the electrolyte was 0.02 M Ca-GP and 0.15 M CA, and current density and final voltage were 70 A/m2 and ca. 350 V. The oxide film formed in the condition is 0.98 microm (Ra) rough, 5-7 microm thick, adhesive to the underlying substrate, and near 1.67 Ca/P ratio in the oxide film.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Microelectron Eng
                Microelectron Eng
                Microelectronic Engineering
                Elsevier
                0167-9317
                1873-5568
                1 December 2013
                December 2013
                : 112
                : 100
                : 67-73
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
                [b ]School of Physics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
                [c ]Division of Electronics and Nano-Scale Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 141 330 5243. Nikolaj.Gadegaard@ 123456glasgow.ac.uk
                Article
                S0167-9317(13)00504-2
                10.1016/j.mee.2013.05.016
                3990420
                24748699
                641202a6-666b-4ab8-b2dc-2573cdee9040
                © 2013 The Authors

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                : 16 November 2012
                : 9 May 2013
                : 28 May 2013
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                nanoimprint,implant,metal,stem-cell,topography
                Biomedical engineering
                nanoimprint, implant, metal, stem-cell, topography

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