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      Renal Survival in Patients with Collapsing Compared with Not Otherwise Specified FSGS

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          Abstract

          <div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="d5108576e239"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5108576e240">Background and objectives</h5> <p id="d5108576e242">Idiopathic collapsing FSGS has historically been associated with poor renal outcomes. Minimal clinical data exist on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy. Our study sought to provide a comprehensive description of renal survival in patients with collapsing and not otherwise specified FSGS after controlling for factors affecting renal prognosis. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="d5108576e244"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5108576e245">Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements</h5> <p id="d5108576e247">We performed a retrospective analysis of an inception cohort study of patients diagnosed between 1989 and 2012. All potential patients with collapsing FSGS fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified and compared with patients with not otherwise specified FSGS (approximately 1:2 ratio) on the basis of biopsy report and record availability. Time to ESRD was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="d5108576e249"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5108576e250">Results</h5> <p id="d5108576e252">In total, 187 patients were studied (61 collapsing and 126 not otherwise specified), with a mean follow-up of 96 months. At baseline, patients with collapsing FSGS had higher median proteinuria (12.2 [5.6–14.8] versus 4.4 [2.3–8.1] g/d, respectively; <i>P</i>&lt;0.001), lower median albuminemia (2.4 [1.9–3.0] versus 2.9 [1.8–3.7] g/dl, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.12), and lower median eGFR (48 [26–73] versus 60 [42–92] ml/min per 1.73 m <sup>2</sup>, respectively; <i>P</i>=0.01) than patients with not otherwise specified FSGS. The proportion of patients with remission of proteinuria was similar in patients with collapsing FSGS and patients with not otherwise specified FSGS (65.7% [23 of 35] versus 63.2% [72 of 114], respectively; <i>P</i>=0.84). The overall renal outcome (ESRD defined as eGFR&lt;15 ml/min per 1.73 m <sup>2</sup>, dialysis, or transplantation) of patients with collapsing FSGS was not poorer than that of patients with not otherwise specified FSGS in multivariate analyses after adjusting for baseline characteristics and immunotherapy (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 3.45). </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="d5108576e273"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d5108576e274">Conclusions</h5> <p id="d5108576e276">Compared with not otherwise specified FSGS, idiopathic collapsing FSGS presented with more severe nephrotic syndrome and lower eGFR but had a similar renal survival after controlling for exposure to immunosuppressive treatment. These results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and institution of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with collapsing FSGS. </p> </div>

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          Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976-1979 and 1995-1997.

          S. Meehan, Christine M. Haas, T Karrison … (1997)
          Data compiled during the 1970s and early 1980s indicated that during these periods, membranous nephropathy was the most common cause of unexplained nephrotic syndrome in adults, followed in order of frequency by minimal-change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). However, we and others recently reported an increase in the incidence of FSGS over the past two decades, and the number of cases of FSGS diagnosed by renal biopsies in these centers now exceeds the number of cases of membranous nephropathy. Nonetheless, as a substantial fraction of patients with FSGS do not have the nephrotic syndrome, it remained unclear as to what extent the relative frequencies of FSGS and other glomerulopathies as causes of the nephrotic syndrome have changed over this time. To address this concern, we reviewed data from 1,000 adult native kidney biopsies performed between January 1976 and April 1979 and from 1,000 biopsies performed between January 1995 and January 1997, identified all cases with a full-blown nephrotic syndrome of unknown etiology at the time of biopsy, and compared the relative frequencies with which specific diseases were diagnosed in these latter cases between the two time intervals. The main findings of this study were that, first, during the 1976 to 1979 period, the relative frequencies of membranous (36%) and minimal-change (23%) nephropathies and of FSGS (15%) as causes of unexplained nephrotic syndrome were similar to those observed in previous studies during the 1970s and early 1980s. In contrast, from 1995 to 1997, FSGS was the most common cause of this syndrome, accounting for 35% of cases compared with 33% for membranous nephropathy. Second, during the 1995 to 1997 period, FSGS accounted for more than 50% of cases of unexplained nephrotic syndrome in black adults and for 67% of such cases in black adults younger than 45 years. Third, although the relative frequency of nephrotic syndrome due to FSGS was two to three times higher in black than in white patients during both study periods, the frequency of FSGS increased similarly among both racial groups from the earlier to the later period. Fourth, the frequency of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome decreased from the earlier to the later study period in both black and white adults. Fifth, the relative frequency of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis as a cause of the nephrotic syndrome declined from the 1976 to 1979 period to the 1995 to 1997 period, whereas that of immunoglobulin A nephropathy appeared to increase; the latter accounted for 14% of cases of unexplained nephrotic syndrome in white adults during the latter study period. Finally, 10% of nephrotic adults older than 44 years had AL amyloid nephropathy; none of these patients had multiple myeloma or a known paraprotein at the time of renal biopsy.
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            Twenty-one-year trend in ESRD due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the United States.

            Chagriya Kitiyakara, Paul Eggers, Jeffrey B Kopp (2004)
            Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a clinicopathologic syndrome with a substantial risk for progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Recent studies of renal biopsy archives in the United States suggest that the incidence of FSGS has increased. FSGS has become the leading cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in the United States, with the greatest incidence rates in the black population. In the absence of a population-based estimate of FSGS incidence, we wished to obtain a population-based estimate of incident ESRD cases caused by FSGS (FSGS ESRD) and characterize temporal changes in this group. We examined the incidence of FSGS ESRD during a 21-year period (1980 to 2000) using data from the United States Renal Data System. We excluded patients who were classified as having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome nephropathy. The annual incidence of FSGS ESRD has increased considerably, whether expressed as an absolute number or a fraction of the total incident ESRD population. Thus, the proportion of ESRD attributed to FSGS has increased 11-fold, from 0.2% in 1980 to 2.3% in 2000. The recent increase in incident FSGS ESRD cases likely is multifactorial in origin, with contributions from changes in renal biopsy practices, changes in disease classification, and a real increase in the incidence of FSGS disease. Black individuals have a 4-fold greater risk of FSGS ESRD than white or Asian individuals. The peak decade for FSGS ESRD incidence is 40 to 49 years among black subjects and 70 to 79 years among white and Asian individuals. Males have 1.5- to 2-fold greater risk than females. The incidence of FSGS ESRD has increased considerably in the United States, with black individuals at greatest risk. Idiopathic FSGS now is the most common cause of ESRD caused by primary glomerular disease in the United States in both the black and white populations.
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              Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in nephrotic adults: presentation, prognosis, and response to therapy of the histologic variants.

              Rebecca Schwartz, Stephen M. Korbet, Seung Chun … (2004)
              The histopathologic diagnosis of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has come to include a number of histologic lesions (variants), but the prognostic significance of these discrete lesions is controversial because published information regarding the presentation, course, and response to treatment is limited. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 87 nephrotic adult patients with biopsy-proven primary FSGS. Patients were categorized on the basis of histologic criteria into those with a classic scar (36 patients), the cellular or collapsing lesion (40 patients), or the tip lesion (11 patients) of FSGS to evaluate differences in presentation, response to therapy, and clinical outcomes. The clinical features at biopsy were similar among the three groups with the exception that patients with the tip lesion were older and patients with the collapsing lesion had more severe proteinuria. Over the course of follow-up, 63% of patients treated attained remission and the response to steroid therapy was similar among the groups (classic scar 53% versus collapsing lesion 64% versus tip lesion 78%; P = 0.45). The overall renal survival was significantly better for patients who entered remission compared with patients who did not enter remission (92% versus 33% at 10 yr; P < 0.0001). The renal survival at 10 yr for patients who entered remission was similar among the three groups (classic scar 100% versus tip lesion 100% versus collapsing lesion 80%; P = 0.61). In patients who did not enter remission, the renal survival at 10 yr was significantly worse for patients with collapsing lesion and tip lesion (classic scar 49% versus tip lesion 25% versus collapsing lesion 21%; P = 0.002). In conclusion, the prognosis for nephrotic FSGS patients who enter remission is excellent regardless of the histologic lesion. Because the remission rate after treatment is similar among patients with the histologic variants, response to therapy cannot be predicted on the basis of histology alone. Thus, nephrotic patients with primary FSGS should receive a trial of therapy irrespective of the histologic lesion when not contraindicated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
                Abbreviated Title: CJASN
                Publisher: American Society of Nephrology (ASN)
                ISSN (Print): 1555-9041
                ISSN (Electronic): 1555-905X
                Publication date Created: October 07 2016
                Publication date Created: October 07 2016
                Publication date (Print): October 07 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): July 21 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1752-1759
                Article
                DOI: 10.2215/CJN.13091215
                PMC ID: 5053801
                PubMed ID: 27445167
                SO-VID: 643a34aa-ae69-424a-bc0a-b55d45076d9a
                Copyright © © 2016
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