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      B-type (brain) natriuretic peptide and pruritus in hemodialysis patients

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          Abstract

          Introduction and objective

          While pruritus is a common complication in hemodialysis patients, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain obscure. Recently, B-type (brain) natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been defined as an itch-selective neuropeptide in pruriceptive neurons in mice, and higher serum levels of BNP are frequently observed in hemodialysis patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of serum BNP in pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

          Patients and methods

          The current cross-sectional study was performed on 43 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. A visual analog scale (VAS) measuring the general severity of pruritus (values from 0 to 10, with higher values indicating more severe pruritus) in daytime and at night was self-reported by patients. Each patient’s background and laboratory tests, including serum BNP in the post-hemodialysis period, were collected. The correlation between VAS and clinical parameters was evaluated.

          Results

          Both daytime and nighttime VAS scores in diabetic patients were significantly less than those in nondiabetic patients. Multiple regression analysis revealed that pruritus in daytime was worsened by serum BNP ( β=2.0, t=2.4, P=0.03), calcium ( β=4.4, t=5.2, P<0.0001), and β 2-microglobulin ( β=2.0, t=3.0, P=0.007), while it was eased by age ( β=−2.2, t=−3.2, P=0.0004). Nocturnal pruritus was severe in nondiabetic patients ( β=1.7, t=3.8, P=0.0005) and weakened by the total iron binding capacity ( β=−2.9, t=−3.1, P=0.004).

          Conclusion

          It is suggested that a higher level of serum BNP increases the pruritus of hemodialysis patients in daytime and that diabetic patients are less sensitive to itch, especially at nighttime.

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          Most cited references28

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          The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice.

          Itch is triggered by somatosensory neurons expressing the ion channel TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), but the mechanisms underlying this nociceptive response remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the neuropeptide natriuretic polypeptide b (Nppb) is expressed in a subset of TRPV1 neurons and found that Nppb(-/-) mice selectively lose almost all behavioral responses to itch-inducing agents. Nppb triggered potent scratching when injected intrathecally in wild-type and Nppb(-/-) mice, showing that this neuropeptide evokes itch when released from somatosensory neurons. Itch responses were blocked by toxin-mediated ablation of Nppb-receptor-expressing cells, but a second neuropeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, still induced strong responses in the toxin-treated animals. Thus, our results define the primary pruriceptive neurons, characterize Nppb as an itch-selective neuropeptide, and reveal the next two stages of this dedicated neuronal pathway.
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            A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain.

            Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone secreted from mammalian atria, regulates the homoeostatic balance of body fluid and blood pressure. ANP-like immunoreactivity is also present in the brain, suggesting that the peptide functions as a neuropeptide. We report here identification in porcine brain of a novel peptide of 26 amino-acid residues, eliciting a pharmacological spectrum very similar to that of ANP, such as natriuretic-diuretic, hypotensive and chick rectum relaxant activities. The complete amino-acid sequence determined for the peptide is remarkably similar to but definitely distinct from the known sequence of ANP, indicating that the genes for the two are distinct. Thus, we have designated the peptide 'brain natriuretic peptide' (BNP). The occurrence of BNP with ANP in mammalian brain suggests the possibility that the physiological functions so far thought to be mediated by ANP may be regulated through a dual mechanism involving both ANP and BNP.
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              TRPV1-expressing primary afferents generate behavioral responses to pruritogens via multiple mechanisms.

              The mechanisms that generate itch are poorly understood at both the molecular and cellular levels despite its clinical importance. To explore the peripheral neuronal mechanisms underlying itch, we assessed the behavioral responses (scratching) produced by s.c. injection of various pruritogens in PLCbeta3- or TRPV1-deficient mice. We provide evidence that at least 3 different molecular pathways contribute to the transduction of itch responses to different pruritogens: 1) histamine requires the function of both PLCbeta3 and the TRPV1 channel; 2) serotonin, or a selective agonist, alpha-methyl-serotonin (alpha-Me-5-HT), requires the presence of PLCbeta3 but not TRPV1, and 3) endothelin-1 (ET-1) does not require either PLCbeta3 or TRPV1. To determine whether the activity of these molecules is represented in a particular subpopulation of sensory neurons, we examined the behavioral consequences of selectively eliminating 2 nonoverlapping subsets of nociceptors. The genetic ablation of MrgprD(+) neurons that represent approximately 90% of cutaneous nonpeptidergic neurons did not affect the scratching responses to a number of pruritogens. In contrast, chemical ablation of the central branch of TRPV1(+) nociceptors led to a significant behavioral deficit for pruritogens, including alpha-Me-5-HT and ET-1, that is, the TRPV1-expressing nociceptor was required, whether or not TRPV1 itself was essential. Thus, TRPV1 neurons are equipped with multiple signaling mechanisms that respond to different pruritogens. Some of these require TRPV1 function; others use alternate signal transduction pathways.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis
                Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis
                International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease
                International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease
                Dove Medical Press
                1178-7058
                2014
                25 August 2014
                : 7
                : 329-335
                Affiliations
                Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Yasuhiko Tomino, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan, Tel +81 3 5802 1065, Fax +81 3 3813 1183, Email yasu@ 123456juntendo.ac.jp
                Article
                ijnrd-7-329
                10.2147/IJNRD.S65929
                4149441
                643d1a20-7e79-47df-944d-3ddfca3287e2
                © 2014 Shimizu et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Nephrology
                b-type brain natriuretic peptide,pruritus,hemodialysis,visual analog scale,itch-selective neuropeptide,pruriceptive neurons,cerebrospinal fluid

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