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      Tubular Epithelial Cells: A Critical Cell Type in the Regulation of Renal Inflammatory Processes

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          Abstract

          Most chronic human kidney diseases are characterized by a final common pathway consisting of interstitial inflammation and ultimately leading to interstitial fibrosis. Within this process, tubular epithelial cells (TECs) play a critical role. Both in vitro and in vivo it has been demonstrated that TECs are an important source of various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix components. In the present review we will outline the capacity of TECs to produce inflammatory mediators and discuss the different mechanisms involved in the regulation of production of these mediators.

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          Most cited references10

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          Design and synthesis of multi-haem proteins.

          A water-soluble, 62-residue, di-alpha-helical peptide has been synthesized which accommodates two bis-histidyl haem groups. The peptide assembles into a four-helix dimer with 2-fold symmetry and four parallel haems that closely resemble native haems in their spectral and electrochemical properties, including haem-haem redox interaction. This protein is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of molecular 'maquettes', a novel class of simplified versions of the metalloproteins involved in redox catalysis and in energy conversion in respiratory and photosynthetic electron transfer.
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            RANTES and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein–1 (MCP-1) Play an Important Role in the Inflammatory Phase of Crescentic Nephritis, but Only MCP-1 Is Involved in Crescent Formation and Interstitial Fibrosis

            The involvement of chemokines in inflammation is well established, but their functional role in disease progression, and particularly in the development of fibrosis, is not yet understood. To investigate the functional role that the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 (MCP-1) and RANTES play in inflammation and the progression to fibrosis during crescentic nephritis we have developed and characterized a murine model for this syndrome. Significant increases in T-lymphocytes and macrophages were observed within glomeruli and interstitium, paralleled by an induction of mRNA expression of MCP-1 and RANTES, early after disease initiation. Blocking the function of MCP-1 or RANTES resulted in significant decreases in proteinuria as well as in numbers of infiltrating leukocytes, indicating that both MCP-1 and RANTES (regulated upon activation in normal T cells expressed and secreted) play an important role in the inflammatory phase of crescentic nephritis. In addition, neutralization of MCP-1 resulted in a dramatic decrease in both glomerular crescent formation and deposition of type I collagen. These results highlight a novel role for MCP-1 in crescent formation and development of interstitial fibrosis, and indicate that in addition to recruiting inflammatory cells this chemokine is critically involved in irreversible tissue damage.
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              Protein overload stimulates RANTES production by proximal tubular cells depending on NF-kappa B activation.

              Abnormal traffic of proteins through the glomerular capillary has an intrinsic renal toxicity possibly linked to the subsequent process of proximal tubular reabsorption. Here we investigated in vitro the effect of protein overload on proximal tubular cell production of RANTES, a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-dependent chemokine with potent chemotactic activity for monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. Confluent pig LLC-PK1 cells were incubated for 24 and 48 hours with Eagle's MEM plus 0.5% FCS containing bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 to 30 mg/ml). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 100 U/ml) was used as a positive control. RANTES was measured in cell supernatants by ELISA. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in proximal tubular cell RANTES production. Selected experiments using transwells showed that the RANTES release was predominantly basolateral. The stimulatory effect on tubular RANTES was not specific to albumin but was shared by immunoglobulin (Ig) G. We then explored the role of NF-kappa B on BSA-induced RANTES. The NF-kappa B inhibitors pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 25 microM) and sodium salicylate (10 mM) significantly reduced BSA-induced RANTES production. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of nuclear extracts of LLC-PK1 exposed to BSA revealed an intense NF-kappa B activation as early as 30 minutes in a dose-dependent fashion, which was inhibited by PDTC. Supershift analysis revealed that the protein subunits of activated NF-kappa B were p65/p65 homodimer, p65/cRel, p50/p65 heterodimers. Given its chemotactic activity, RANTES released into the interstitium might promote inflammatory cell recruitment and contribute to interstitial inflammation and renal disease progression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                EXN
                Nephron Exp Nephrol
                10.1159/issn.1660-2129
                Cardiorenal Medicine
                S. Karger AG
                978-3-8055-6977-4
                978-3-318-00513-4
                1660-2129
                1999
                December 1999
                28 October 1999
                : 7
                : 5-6
                : 429-437
                Affiliations
                Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
                Article
                20622 Exp Nephrol 1999;7:429–437
                10.1159/000020622
                10559641
                64580559-4381-4258-bd3b-5848b65fe666
                © 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, References: 92, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Inflammation,Tubular epithelial cells,Chemokines,CD40,Cytokines
                Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology
                Inflammation, Tubular epithelial cells, Chemokines, CD40, Cytokines

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