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Abstract

A total of 202 genes were cytogenetically mapped to goat chromosomes, multiplying by five the total number of regional gene localizations in domestic ruminants (255). This map encompasses 249 and 173 common anchor loci regularly spaced along human and murine chromosomes, respectively, which makes it possible to perform a genome-wide comparison between three mammalian orders. Twice as many rearrangements as revealed by ZOO-FISH were observed. The average size of conserved fragments could be estimated at 27 and 8 cM with humans and mice, respectively. The position of evolutionary breakpoints often correspond with human chromosome sites known to be vulnerable to rearrangement in neoplasia. Furthermore, 75 microsatellite markers, 30 of which were isolated from gene-containing bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), were added to the previous goat genetic map, achieving 88% genome coverage. Finally, 124 microsatellites were cytogenetically mapped, which made it possible to physically anchor and orient all the linkage groups. We believe that this comprehensive map will speed up positional cloning projects in domestic ruminants and clarify some aspects of mammalian chromosomal evolution.

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Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene.

A. McPherron, S Lee (1997)

Myostatin (GDF-8) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factors that is essential for proper regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice. Here we report the myostatin sequences of nine other vertebrate species and the identification of mutations in the coding sequence of bovine myostatin in two breeds of double-muscled cattle, Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, which are known to have an increase in muscle mass relative to conventional cattle. The Belgian Blue myostatin sequence contains an 11-nucleotide deletion in the third exon which causes a frameshift that eliminates virtually all of the mature, active region of the molecule. The Piedmontese myostatin sequence contains a missense mutation in exon 3, resulting in a substitution of tyrosine for an invariant cysteine in the mature region of the protein. The similarity in phenotypes of double-muscled cattle and myostatin null mice suggests that myostatin performs the same biological function in these two species and is a potentially useful target for genetic manipulation in other farm animals.

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A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle.

L. Grobet, L Martin, D. Poncelet … (1997)

An exceptional muscle development commonly referred to as 'double-muscled' (Fig. 1) has been seen in several cattle breeds and has attracted considerable attention from beef producers. Double-muscled animals are characterized by an increase in muscle mass of about 20%, due to general skeletal-muscle hyperplasia-that is, an increase in the number of muscle fibers rather than in their individual diameter. Although the hereditary nature of the double-muscled condition was recognized early on, the precise mode of inheritance has remained controversial; monogenic (domainant and recessive), oligogenic and polygenic models have been proposed. In the Belgian Blue cattle breed (BBCB), segregation analysis performed both in experimental crosses and in the outbred population suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance. This was confirmed when the muscular hypertrophy (mh) locus was mapped 3.1 cM from microsatellite TGLA44 on the centromeric end of bovine chromosome 2 (ref. 5). We used a positional candidate approach to demonstrate that a mutation in bovine MSTN, which encodes myostatin, a member of the TGF beta superfamily, is responsible for the double-muscled phenotype. We report an 11-bp deletion in the coding sequence for the bioactive carboxy-terminal domain of the protein causing the muscular hypertrophy observed in Belgian Blue cattle.

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Telomeres in the mouse have large inter-chromosomal variations in the number of T2AG3 repeats.

Paul Ward, S Poon, A Raap … (1997)

The ultra-long telomeres that have been observed in mice are not in accordance with the concept that critical telomere shortening is related to aging and immortalization. Here, we have used quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization to estimate (T2AG3)n lengths of individual telomeres in various mouse strains. Telomere lengths were very heterogeneous, but specific chromosomes of bone marrow cells and skin fibroblasts from individual mice had similar telomere lengths. We estimate that the shortest telomeres are around 10 kb in length, indicating that each mouse cell has a few telomeres with (T2AG3)n lengths within the range of human telomeres. These short telomeres may be critical in limiting the replicative potential of murine cells.

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PubMed ID:: 9750190

DOI:: 10.1101/gr.8.9.901

ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Animals,Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Bacterial,Chromosomes, Human,genetics,DNA Probes,Gene Rearrangement,Genetic Linkage,Goats,Humans,In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence,Mice,Microsatellite Repeats,Molecular Sequence Data,Ruminants

Comparative gene mapping: a fine-scale survey of chromosome rearrangements between ruminants and humans.

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Most cited references 52

Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene.

A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle.

Telomeres in the mouse have large inter-chromosomal variations in the number of T2AG3 repeats.

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