Assessment of sanitary conditions of unregistered pig slaughter slabs and post mortem examination of pigs for Taenia solium metacestodes in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria

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Abstract

Background

A number of studies document the prevalence of Taenia solium infections in Nigeria, yet these studies do not cover porcine cysticercosis in private home slaughter slabs where there is no routine meat inspection and backyard pig keeping, slaughtering and sale are common practice.

Methods

An environmental and sanitary assessment was conducted within two unregistered home pig slaughter slabs in selected parts of the Kaduna metropolis in Nigeria. Slaughter premises were inspected for availability of basic facilities and questionnaires were used to elicit necessary informative data. Butchers were examined for taeniasis by stool microscopy and copro-antigen enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (copro-Ag ELISA) to ascertain T. solium – taeniasis. Pigs slaughtered at the premises were examined for cysticerci.

Results

Home slaughter conditions were substandard, unhygienic and lacked the basic facilities of a proper slaughterhouse. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was 9.3%. The butchers participating in the study had very poor knowledge of T. solium infections and 30% tested positive for taeniasis by copro-Ag ELISA at the time of the study.

Conclusion

Home slaughter of pigs in the areas studied should be considered and integrated as a component of prevention and control programmes – particularly through educational interventions – in order to equip individuals involved with a good understanding of the risks associated with animal husbandry and human practices.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-9957-3-45) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 39

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Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis.

William Nash, Marcio Garcia (2011)

Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval (cystic) form of the pork cestode tapeworm, Taenia solium, and is a major cause of acquired seizures and epilepsy worldwide. Development of sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, particularly CT and MRI, has revolutionized our knowledge of the burden of cysticercosis infection and disease, and has led to the development of effective antihelminthic treatments for neurocysticercosis. The importance of calcified granulomas with perilesional edema as foci of seizures and epilepsy in populations where neurocysticercosis is endemic is newly recognized, and indicates that treatment with anti-inflammatory agents could have a role in controlling or preventing epilepsy in these patients. Importantly, neurocysticercosis is one of the few diseases that could potentially be controlled or eliminated-an accomplishment that would prevent millions of cases of epilepsy. This Review examines the rationale for treatment of neurocysticercosis and highlights the essential role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of disease, the exacerbation of symptoms that occurs as a result of antihelminthic treatment, and the limitations of current antihelminthic and anti-inflammatory treatments.

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Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Peru.

Elvira Garza-González, E. Castaneda-Miranda, V Tsang … (1990)

Swine cysticercosis, a severe zoonotic disease which is part of the Taenia solium life cycle, causes major economic losses in pig husbandry. Throughout South America, farmers diagnose cysticercosis by examining the tongues of their pigs for cysticercus nodules. Farmers do not bring pigs believed to be infected to the slaughterhouse for fear of confiscation. Therefore, reliable statistics on porcine cysticercosis can only be acquired at the household level. We examined the utility of the tongue test as a diagnostic tool for porcine cysticercosis. The results of the tongue test was compared with 2 serologic methods for the detection of cysticercosis, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB), and with necropsy results. We examined 11 animals from an endemic area (Huancayo) and 42 animals from an area free of cysticercosis (Lima). The tongue test has a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 100%, the EITB a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, and the ELISA a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 75%. Thus, the tongue examination, being a test essentially without cost and having fair sensitivity and high specificity, can be useful in epidemiological surveys. Prevalence for porcine cysticercosis in Huancayo is 23.4% by tongue examination, 31.2% by necropsy, 37.7% by ELISA, and 51.9% by EITB.

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Development and evaluation of a health education intervention against Taenia solium in a rural community in Mexico.

M Gleizer, A Flisser, Carlos M. Loya … (1997)

A comprehensive study was undertaken in a rural community in the state of Morelos, Mexico to evaluate health education as an intervention measure against Taenia solium. An educational program was developed to promote recognition and knowledge of the transmission of the parasite and to improve hygienic behavior and sanitary conditions that foster transmission. The effects of educational intervention were evaluated by measuring changes in knowledge and practices and prevalence of human taeniasis and swine cysticercosis before and after the campaign. The health education strategy was implemented with the active participation of the population based on the information obtained from a sociologic study. A questionnaire was designed and used before, immediately after the intervention, and six months later. Statistically significant improvements occurred in knowledge of the parasite, its life cycle, and how it is acquired by humans; however, changes in behavior related to transmission were less dramatic and persistent. The prevalences of cysticercosis in pigs at the start of the education intervention were 2.6% and 5.2% by lingual examination and antibody detection (immunoblot assay), respectively, and approximately one year after the intervention they were 0% and 1.2% (P < 0.05). These changes were accompanied by significant reductions in the reported access of pigs to sources of infection and freedom to roam. We conclude that health education, developed along with community involvement, reduced opportunities for transmission of T. solium in the human-pig cycle.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Agnes U Edia-Asuke: agnesasuke@gmail.com

Helen I Inabo: heleninabo@yahoo.co.uk

Veronica J Umoh: veroumoh@yahoo.com

Clement MZ Whong: clementwhong@yahoo.com

Sunday Asuke: sundayasuke@gmail.com

Richard E Edeh: edehoriche@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Infect Dis Poverty

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Infect Dis Poverty

Title: Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2049-9957

Publication date (Electronic): 3 December 2014

Publication date Collection: 2014

Volume: 3

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 45

Affiliations

[ ]Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria

[ ]Biological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa

[ ]Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria

[ ]Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria

Article

Publisher ID: 83

DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-45

PMC ID: 4322547

SO-VID: 648d912b-07d5-4ccf-bc58-d212589b5e93

License:

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 6 May 2014

Date accepted : 12 November 2014

Custom metadata

Keywords: pig slaughter slabs,home slaughter,copro-ag elisa,taenia solium metacestodes,kaduna,nigeria

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Keywords: pig slaughter slabs, home slaughter, copro-ag elisa, taenia solium metacestodes, kaduna, nigeria

Assessment of sanitary conditions of unregistered pig slaughter slabs and post mortem examination of pigs for Taenia solium metacestodes in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Electronic supplementary material

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Nigerian Journal of Tropical Engineering

Most cited references 39

Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis.

Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Peru.

Development and evaluation of a health education intervention against Taenia solium in a rural community in Mexico.

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