Revisión de la sección Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) en Chile <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Revision of section Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) in Chile </span>

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Abstract

Calceolaria se caracteriza por sus flores generalmente amarillas, bilabiadas con el labio inferior sacciforme y dos estambres. La sección Calceolaria contiene alrededor de 10 especies, todas herbáceas e higrófilas con una morfología estaminal particular. Las tecas son dimorfas y el conectivo alargado en diversas formas. En Chile sólo dos especies de esta sección, C. pinnata y C. tripartita, fueron reportadas en las diversas publicaciones hechas sobre la flora de este país desde el siglo XVIII. Es más, el uso de nombres inválidos como C. scabiosifolia Roem. & Schult. contribuyeron a la mala identificación de los ejemplares de esta sección confundiendo aún más su taxonomía. El objetivo del presente artículo es hacer la primera revisión de las especies de esta sección presentes en Chile, así como una revisión completa de la literatura que hace referencia a las mismas. Se incluye una clave para su identificación, descripciones de cada una, ilustraciones, comentarios sobre su distribución y la evaluación de su estado de conservación en el país según la metodología de la UICN.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT Calceolaria is characterized by its bilabiate generally yellow flowers with the lower lip saccate and two stamens. Section Calceolaria has near 10 species all herbaceous and hygrophilous with a particular staminal morphology. The thecae are dimorphic and the connective is elongated in various ways. In Chile, only two species of this section, C. pinnata and C. tripartita, were known from the different flora publications since the 18th century. Moreover, the use of invalid species names such as C. scabiosifolia Roem. & Schult. contributed to the misidentification of the material of this section, further complicating its taxonomy. The aim of the present work is to make the first revision of the species of this section present in Chile as well as presenting a thorough revision of the literature that makes reference to them. A key for the species identification is included as well as descriptions, illustrations, comments on their distribution, and their conservation status in the country according to the IUCN methodology.

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Evidence for the Polyphyly of the Scrophulariaceae Based on Chloroplast rbcL and ndhF Sequences

Richard G Olmstead, Patrick A. Reeves (1995)

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New insights into the phylogenetic relationships, character evolution, and phytogeographic patterns of Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae).

Victoria Sosa, Alicia N Sérsic, J. de Visscher … (2009)

Biogeographical patterns and diversification processes in Andean and Patagonian flora are not yet well understood. Calceolaria is a highly diversified genus of these areas, representing one of the most specialized plant-pollinator systems because flowers produce nonvolatile oils, a very unusual floral reward. Phylogenetic analyses with molecular (ITS and matK) and morphological characters from 103 Calceolaria species were conducted to examine relationships, to understand biogeographic patterns, and to detect evolutionary patterns of floral and ecological characters. Total evidence analysis retrieved three major clades, which strongly correspond to the three previously recognized subgenera, although only subgenus Rosula was retrieved as a monophyletic group. A single historical event explains the expansion from the southern to central Andes, while different parallel evolutionary lines show a northward expansion from the central to northern Andes across the Huancabamba Deflection, an important geographical barrier in northern Peru. Polyploidy, acquisition of elaiophores, and a nototribic pollination mechanism are key aspects of the evolutionary history of Calceolaria. Pollination interactions were more frequently established with Centris than with Chalepogenus oil-collecting bee species. The repeated loss of the oil gland and shifts to pollen as the only reward suggest an evolutionary tendency from highly to moderately specialized pollination systems.