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      Are there differences in birth weight according to sex and associations with maternal exposure to air pollutants? A cohort study : Existem diferenças no peso ao nascer de acordo com sexo e associações com exposição materna a poluentes do ar? Estudo de coorte

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          Several effects of exposure to air pollutants on human health are known. The aim of this study was to identify whether exposure of pregnant women to air pollutants contributes towards low birth weight and which sex is more affected.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          Longitudinal study using data on newborns from mothers living in São José do Rio Preto (SP) who were exposed to air pollutants in 2012-2013.

          METHODS:

          A hierarchical model on three levels was built using maternal and newborn variables and environmental concentrations of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide in quartiles. Preterm newborns, twins and newborns with birth defects were excluded and exposure windows of 30, 60 and 90 days before delivery were considered.

          RESULTS:

          8,948 newborns were included: 4,491 males (50.2%) and 4,457 females (49.8%); 301 newborns presented low birth weight (3.4%). The mean weight differed between males (3281.0 g) and females (3146.4 g) (P < 0.001). Exposure to ozone was significantly associated with low birth weight in both sexes in the 30-day window (odds ratio, OR = 1.38) and 90-day window (OR = 1.48); and among females, in the 30-day window (OR = 1.58) and 90-day window (OR = 1.59). Exposure to particulate matter had a paradoxical protective effect. No association was found among male newborns.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          Female newborns showed greater susceptibility to maternal exposure to air pollutants. Studies on low birth weight in relation to maternal exposure to air pollutants should deal with males and females separately.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:

          São vários os efeitos da exposição a poluentes do ar na saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar se a exposição da gestante contribui para o baixo peso ao nascer e qual o sexo mais acometido.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO:

          Estudo longitudinal com dados de recém-nascidos de mães residentes em São José do Rio Preto (SP) com exposição a poluentes do ar em 2012 e 2013.

          MÉTODOS:

          Foi construído modelo hierarquizado em três níveis com variáveis maternas, do recém-nascido e concentrações de material particulado, ozônio e dióxido de nitrogênio, em quartis. Foram excluídos recém-nascidos prematuros, gemelares ou com malformações e consideradas janelas de exposição de 30, 60 e 90 dias anteriores ao parto.

          RESULTADOS:

          Foram incluídos 8.948 recém-nascidos, 4.491 do sexo masculino (50,2%) e 4.457 do feminino (49,8%), e identificados 301 recém-nascidos com baixo peso (3,4%). Os pesos médios foram diferentes entre o sexo masculino (3.281,0 g) e o feminino (3.146,4 g) (P < 0,001). Exposição ao ozônio esteve associada significativamente ao baixo peso ao nascer em ambos os sexos nas janelas de 30 dias ( odds ratio, OR = 1,38) e 90 dias (OR = 1,48) e, no sexo feminino, nas janelas de 30 dias (OR = 1,58) e 90 dias (OR =1,59). Exposição ao material particulado teve efeito protetor paradoxal. Não houve associação no sexo masculino.

          CONCLUSÕES:

          Houve maior susceptibilidade do sexo feminino aos poluentes a partir da exposição materna. Estudos sobre baixo peso ao nascer segundo exposição materna a poluentes do ar devem separar sexo masculino e feminino.

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          Most cited references27

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          Ambient Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Review of the Literature

          Over the last decade or so, a large number of studies have investigated the possible adverse effects of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes. We reviewed these studies, which were identified by a systematic search of the main scientific databases. Virtually all reviewed studies were population based, with information on exposure to air pollution derived from routine monitoring sources. Overall, there is evidence implicating air pollution in adverse effects on different birth outcomes, but the strength of the evidence differs between outcomes. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between particulate air pollution and respiratory deaths in the postneonatal period. For air pollution and birth weight the evidence suggests causality, but further studies are needed to confirm an effect and its size and to clarify the most vulnerable period of pregnancy and the role of different pollutants. For preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) the evidence as yet is insufficient to infer causality, but the available evidence justifies further studies. Molecular epidemiologic studies suggest possible biologic mechanisms for the effect on birth weight, premature birth, and IUGR and support the view that the relation between pollution and these birth outcomes is genuine. For birth defects, the evidence base so far is insufficient to draw conclusions. In terms of exposure to specific pollutants, particulates seem the most important for infant deaths, and the effect on IUGR seems linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but the existing evidence does not allow precise identification of the different pollutants or the timing of exposure that can result in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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            Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity.

            M Bobak (2000)
            This study tested the hypothesis, suggested by several recent reports, that air pollution may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. This study analyzed all singleton live births registered by the Czech national birth register in 1991 in 67 districts where at least one pollutant was monitored in 1990-1991 (n = 108,173). Maternal exposures to sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), total suspended particles (TSP), and nitrous oxides (NO(x)) in each trimester of pregnancy were estimated as the arithmetic means of all daily measurements taken by all monitors in the district of birth of each infant. Odds ratios of low birth weight (< 2,500 g), prematurity (< 37 weeks of gestation), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR; < 10th percentile of birth weight for gestational age and sex) were estimated by robust logistic regression. The median (and 25th and 75th percentile) trimester exposures were 32 (18, 56) microg/m(3) for SO(2); 72 (55, 87) microg/m(3) for TSP; and 38 (23, 59) microg/m(3) for NO(x). Low birth weight (prevalence 5.2%) and prematurity (prevalence 4.8%) were associated with SO(2) and somewhat less strongly with TSP. IUGR was not associated with any pollutant. The effects on low birth weight and prematurity were marginally stronger for exposures in the first trimester, and were not attenuated at all by adjustment for socioeconomic factors or the month of birth. Adjusted odds ratios of low birth weight were 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-1.30] and 1.15 (CI, 1.07-1.24) for a 50 microg/m(3) increase in SO(2) and TSP, respectively, in the first trimester; adjusted odds ratios of prematurity were 1.27 (CI, 1.16-1.39) and 1.18 (CI, 1.05-1.31) for a 50 microg/m(3) increase in SO(2) and TSP, respectively, in the first trimester. Low gestational age accounted for the association between SO(2) and low birth weight. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that air pollution can affect the outcome of pregnancy.
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              Ambient Air Pollution and Low Birth Weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts

              Background Several studies have examined whether air pollution affects birth weight; however results vary and many studies were focused on Southern California or were conducted outside of the United States. Objectives We investigated maternal exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10, < 2.5 μm (PM10, PM2.5), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide and birth weight for 358,504 births in Massachusetts and Connecticut from 1999 to 2002. Methods Analysis included logistic models for low birth weight (< 2,500 g) and linear models with birth weight as a continuous variable. Exposure was assigned as the average county-level concentration over gestation and each trimester based on mother’s residence. We adjusted for gestational length, prenatal care, type of delivery, child’s sex, birth order, weather, year, and mother’s race, education, marital status, age, and tobacco use. Results An interquartile increase in gestational exposure to NO2, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 lowered birth weight by 8.9 g [95% confidence interval (CI), 7.0–10.8], 16.2 g (95% CI, 12.6–19.7), 8.2 g (95% CI, 5.3–11.1), and 14.7 g (95% CI, 12.3–17.1), respectively. Lower birth weight was associated with exposure in the third trimester for PM10, the first and third trimesters for CO, the first trimester for NO2 and SO2, and the second and third trimesters for PM2.5. Effect estimates for PM2.5 were higher for infants of black mothers than those of white mothers. Conclusions Results indicate that exposure to air pollution, even at low levels, may increase risk of low birth weight, particularly for some segments of the population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                31 July 2017
                2017
                : 135
                : 4
                : 347-354
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalPhD. Researcher, Department of Energy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá (SP), and Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté (SP), Brazil.
                [II ] originalBSc. Postgraduate Student, Department of Energy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá (SP), Brazil.
                [III ] originalMD. Postgraduate Student, Department of Energy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Guaratinguetá (SP), Brazil.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento. Departamento de Energia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Guaratinguetá (SP) - Brasil. CEP 12516-410. Tel. (+55 12) 3123-2838. E-mail: luiz.nascimento@ 123456pq.cnpq.br

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0262100317
                10016008
                28767987
                64945482-417b-4037-9c5c-87ededb4f74a
                © 2022 by Associação Paulista de Medicina

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 04 October 2016
                : 02 February 2017
                : 10 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 08
                Categories
                Original Article

                air pollutants,ozone,infant, low birth weight,particulate matter,air pollution

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