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      Caída de la esperanza de vida en distritos de Madrid en 2020: relación con determinantes sociales Translated title: Decline in life expectancy in Madrid's districts in 2020: its correlation with social determinants

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Estimar el descenso de la esperanza de vida (EV) de la población de Madrid y sus distritos, y su relación con variables socioeconómicas, en el primer año de pandemia de COVID-19. Método Las defunciones proceden del Padrón de Habitantes (Servicio de Estadística Municipal). Por el método Chiang II se calcularon las esperanzas de vida al nacer y a los 65 años (EVN y EV65) con sus intervalos de confianza del 95% para hombres y mujeres, y sus caídas brutas, netas y mínimas en cada distrito en 2020 respecto a 2019, así como su correlación (r) con la distribución de algunas variables socioeconómicas y la existencia de modelos de regresión lineal explicativos. Resultados En 2020, las defunciones en Madrid crecieron un 46,1% respecto al año previo, y la EVN fue de 79,31 años para los hombres y de 85,25 años para las mujeres, lo que supone un decremento de 3,67 y 2,56 años, respectivamente (4,42% y 2,91%). Todos los distritos registraron caídas de la EV, siendo la mayor la de los hombres de Tetuán (4,72 años) y la de las mujeres de Chamartín (3,91 años). Los más afectados fueron los distritos del sur, especialmente para los hombres. Las tasas de inmigrantes y de mayores de 80 años explicaron un 24% de la caída de la EV de los hombres según el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Conclusiones La caída de la EV registrada en Madrid y sus distritos en 2020 es mayor que la de España (1,6 años) y retrotrae a cifras de 2002 (EV65) y de 2008 (EVN); es más acusada en el sur y se distribuye de forma desigual territorialmente y según variables socioeconómicas, asociándose a algunas de ellas.

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          Abstract Objective Estimating the decrease in life expectancy (LE) of the population of Madrid and its districts and its relationship with socioeconomic variables in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Death records were obtained from the Municipal Register of inhabitants (Municipal Statistics Service). Based on Chiang II method, life expectancy at birth and at 65 years of age (LEB and LE65) were calculated, as well as their 95% confidence intervals both for men and women and their gross, net and minimum falls for each district in 2020 over 2019, their correlation with some socioeconomic variables distribution and the existence of multiple linear regression explicative models. Results In 2020, deaths in Madrid increased by 46.1% compared with the previous year, the LEB was 79.31 years in men and 85.25 years in women, meaning a decrease of 3.67 and 2.56 years respectively (4.42% and 2.91%). All districts registered decreases in LE, with the largest decrease in men in Tetuan (4.72 years) and in women in Chamartín (3.91 years). The most affected were the southern districts, especially in men. Immigrant and people over 80 years old rates explained 24% of the drop in LE in men, using linear regression model. Conclusions The decrease in LE recorded in Madrid and its districts in 2020 is bigger than in Spain (1.6 years), takes us back to values of 2002 (LE65) and 2008 (LEB), has a sharper fall in the south and is territorially unequally distributed, according to socioeconomic variables and being associated with some of them.

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          Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries

          Understanding the mortality impact of COVID-19 requires not only counting the dead, but analyzing how premature the deaths are. We calculate years of life lost (YLL) across 81 countries due to COVID-19 attributable deaths, and also conduct an analysis based on estimated excess deaths. We find that over 20.5 million years of life have been lost to COVID-19 globally. As of January 6, 2021, YLL in heavily affected countries are 2–9 times the average seasonal influenza; three quarters of the YLL result from deaths in ages below 75 and almost a third from deaths below 55; and men have lost 45% more life years than women. The results confirm the large mortality impact of COVID-19 among the elderly. They also call for heightened awareness in devising policies that protect vulnerable demographics losing the largest number of life-years.
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            Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data

            Objective To estimate changes in life expectancy in 2010-18 and during the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 across population groups in the United States and to compare outcomes with peer nations. Design Simulations of provisional mortality data. Setting US and 16 other high income countries in 2010-18 and 2020, by sex, including an analysis of US outcomes by race and ethnicity. Population Data for the US and for 16 other high income countries from the National Center for Health Statistics and the Human Mortality Database, respectively. Main outcome measures Life expectancy at birth, and at ages 25 and 65, by sex, and, in the US only, by race and ethnicity. Analysis excluded 2019 because life table data were not available for many peer countries. Life expectancy in 2020 was estimated by simulating life tables from estimated age specific mortality rates in 2020 and allowing for 10% random error. Estimates for 2020 are reported as medians with fifth and 95th centiles. Results Between 2010 and 2018, the gap in life expectancy between the US and the peer country average increased from 1.88 years (78.66 v 80.54 years, respectively) to 3.05 years (78.74 v 81.78 years). Between 2018 and 2020, life expectancy in the US decreased by 1.87 years (to 76.87 years), 8.5 times the average decrease in peer countries (0.22 years), widening the gap to 4.69 years. Life expectancy in the US decreased disproportionately among racial and ethnic minority groups between 2018 and 2020, declining by 3.88, 3.25, and 1.36 years in Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White populations, respectively. In Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations, reductions in life expectancy were 18 and 15 times the average in peer countries, respectively. Progress since 2010 in reducing the gap in life expectancy in the US between Black and White people was erased in 2018-20; life expectancy in Black men reached its lowest level since 1998 (67.73 years), and the longstanding Hispanic life expectancy advantage almost disappeared. Conclusions The US had a much larger decrease in life expectancy between 2018 and 2020 than other high income nations, with pronounced losses among the Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations. A longstanding and widening US health disadvantage, high death rates in 2020, and continued inequitable effects on racial and ethnic minority groups are likely the products of longstanding policy choices and systemic racism.
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              Estimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality in England and Wales: a population-level analysis

              Background Deaths directly linked to COVID-19 infection may be misclassified, and the pandemic may have indirectly affected other causes of death. To overcome these measurement challenges, we estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality from week 10 of 2020, when the first COVID-19 death was registered, to week 47 ending 20 November 2020 in England and Wales through an analysis of excess mortality. Methods We estimated age and sex-specific excess mortality risk and deaths above a baseline adjusted for seasonality with a systematic comparison of four different models using data from the Office for National Statistics. We additionally provide estimates of life expectancy at birth and lifespan inequality defined as the SD in age at death. Results There have been 57 419 (95% prediction interval: 54 197, 60 752) excess deaths in the first 47 weeks of 2020, 55% of which occurred in men. Excess deaths increased sharply with age and men experienced elevated risks of death in all age groups. Life expectancy at birth dropped 0.9 and 1.2 years for women and men relative to the 2019 levels, respectively. Lifespan inequality also fell over the same period by 5 months for both sexes. Conclusion Quantifying excess deaths and their impact on life expectancy at birth provide a more comprehensive picture of the burden of COVID-19 on mortality. Whether mortality will return to—or even fall below—the baseline level remains to be seen as the pandemic continues to unfold and diverse interventions are put in place.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                August 2022
                : 36
                : 4
                : 309-316
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameAyuntamiento de Madrid orgdiv1Madrid Salud orgdiv2Gerencia España
                [2] Madrid orgnameUnidad Docente Este de MFyC España
                [3] Madrid orgnameAyuntamiento de Madrid orgdiv1Madrid Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Evaluación y Calidad España
                Article
                S0213-91112022000400309 S0213-9111(22)03600400309
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.07.004
                649558ee-e376-45ad-a113-46922cfa55f6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 July 2021
                : 20 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

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                Esperanza de vida,Factores socioeconómicos,Ciudades,COVID-19,Coronavirus infection,Life expectancy,Socioeconomic factors,Cities,Infección por coronavirus

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