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      Different Timing Features in Brain Processing of Core and Moral Disgust Pictures: An Event-Related Potentials Study

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          Abstract

          Disgust, an emotion motivating withdrawal from offensive stimuli, protects us from the risk of biological pathogens and sociomoral violations. Homogeneity of its two types, namely, core and moral disgust has been under intensive debate. To examine the dynamic relationship between them, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for core disgust, moral disgust and neutral pictures while participants performed a modified oddball task. ERP analysis revealed that N1 and P2 amplitudes were largest for the core disgust pictures, indicating automatic processing of the core disgust-evoking pictures. N2 amplitudes were higher for pictures evoking moral disgust relative to core disgust and neutral pictures, reflecting a violation of social norms. The core disgust pictures elicited larger P3 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes in comparison with the moral disgust pictures which, in turn, elicited larger P3 and LPP amplitudes when compared to the neutral pictures. Taken together, these findings indicated that core and moral disgust pictures elicited different neural activities at various stages of information processing, which provided supporting evidence for the heterogeneity of disgust.

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          Most cited references56

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          Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review.

          Recent years have seen an explosion of research on the N2 component of the event-related potential, a negative wave peaking between 200 and 350 ms after stimulus onset. This research has focused on the influence of "cognitive control," a concept that covers strategic monitoring and control of motor responses. However, rich research traditions focus on attention and novelty or mismatch as determinants of N2 amplitude. We focus on paradigms that elicit N2 components with an anterior scalp distribution, namely, cognitive control, novelty, and sequential matching, and argue that the anterior N2 should be divided into separate control- and mismatch-related subcomponents. We also argue that the oddball N2 belongs in the family of attention-related N2 components that, in the visual modality, have a posterior scalp distribution. We focus on the visual modality for which components with frontocentral and more posterior scalp distributions can be readily distinguished.
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            Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: the negativity bias in evaluative categorizations.

            Negative information tends to influence evaluations more strongly than comparably extreme positive information. To test whether this negativity bias operates at the evaluative categorization stage, the authors recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which are more sensitive to the evaluative categorization than the response output stage, as participants viewed positive, negative, and neutral pictures. Results revealed larger amplitude late positive brain potentials during the evaluative categorization of (a) positive and negative stimuli as compared with neutral stimuli and (b) negative as compared with positive stimuli, even though both were equally probable, evaluatively extreme, and arousing. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the negativity bias in affective processing occurs as early as the initial categorization into valence classes.
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              Microbes, mating, and morality: individual differences in three functional domains of disgust.

              What is the function of disgust? Whereas traditional models have suggested that disgust serves to protect the self or neutralize reminders of our animal nature, an evolutionary perspective suggests that disgust functions to solve 3 qualitatively different adaptive problems related to pathogen avoidance, mate choice, and social interaction. The authors investigated this 3-domain model of disgust across 4 studies and examined how sensitivity to these functional domains relates to individual differences in other psychological constructs. Consistent with their predictions, factor analyses demonstrated that disgust sensitivity partitions into domains related to pathogens, sexuality, and morality. Further, sensitivity to the 3 domains showed predictable differentiation based on sex, perceived vulnerability to disease, psychopathic tendencies, and Big 5 personality traits. In exploring these 3 domains of disgust, the authors introduce a new measure of disgust sensitivity. Appreciation of the functional heterogeneity of disgust has important implications for research on individual differences in disgust sensitivity, emotion, clinical impairments, and neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                26 May 2015
                2015
                : 10
                : 5
                : e0128531
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory for Cognition and Human Behavior of Hunan Province, Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
                [2 ]School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
                [3 ]School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
                [4 ]School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
                Southwest University, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: XZ DD. Performed the experiments: XZ. Analyzed the data: XZ DD QG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XZ DD YZ LL. Wrote the paper: XZ QG YZ LL.

                Article
                PONE-D-15-02720
                10.1371/journal.pone.0128531
                4444107
                26011635
                64e7227e-9688-4683-a06c-471671100665
                Copyright @ 2015

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                : 20 January 2015
                : 28 April 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 15
                Funding
                This research was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (No.11BSH046), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.14JJ 4027), the Program for Excellent Talents in Hunan Normal University (No.2012 YX04). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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