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      Exposure to traumatic events and perceptual priming in forcedly displaced Colombian population in Ecuador Translated title: Exposición a eventos traumáticos y priming perceptivo en población colombiana con desplazamiento forzado en Ecuador

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          Abstract

          Abstract: In line with the hypothesis that PTSD is a memory disorder, recent studies on perceptual priming have focused on identifying the differences between population with and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study addresses priming in people who have been exposed to traumatic experiences of forced displacement. To that end, three categories of the word “trauma” (i.e., of threat, emotional and judicial) and a category of “neutral” words, which shared their three-letter root were chosen. The participants were 44 Colombian refugees and asylum seekers living in Ecuador with or without PTSD. The results of our study point that people with PTSD have higher perceptual priming in the threat and emotional categories, and asylum seekers show higher priming in the judicial category. The implications for studies that address the impact of political violence are discussed.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Los recientes estudios en priming perceptivo se han centrado en identificar las diferencias entre población con y sin Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) confirmando la hipótesis que el TEPT representa un trastorno de la memoria. En este trabajo, se pretende abordar el priming en personas que han estado expuestas a diversas experiencias traumáticas relacionadas con el desplazamiento forzado. Para ello, se diseñaron tres categorías de palabras “trauma” (i.e., de amenaza, emocional y judicial) y una categoría de palabras “neutra”, las cuales compartían su raíz de tres letras. Participaron 44 colombianos refugiados y solicitantes de asilo que residen en Ecuador con presencia o ausencia de TEPT. Los resultados confirman que las personas con TEPT presentan mayor priming perceptivo en las categorías de amenaza y emociones y los solicitantes de asilo en la categoría judicial. Se discuten las implicaciones para los estudios que abordan el impacto de violencia política.

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          Most cited references31

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          A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder

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            Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review.

            About 13 million people are classified as refugees worldwide, and many more former refugees have been granted citizenship in their new countries. However, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, or psychotic illnesses in these individuals is not known. We did a systematic review of surveys about these disorders in general refugee populations in western countries. We searched for psychiatric surveys that were based on interviews of unselected refugee populations and that included current diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, psychotic illnesses, or generalised anxiety disorder. We did computer-assisted searches, scanned reference lists, searched journals, and corresponded with authors to determine prevalence rates of these mental disorders and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity, such as diagnostic criteria, sampling methods, and other characteristics. 20 eligible surveys provided results for 6743 adult refugees from seven countries, with substantial variation in assessment and sampling methods. In the larger studies, 9% (99% CI 8-10%) were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and 5% (4-6%) with major depression, with evidence of much psychiatric comorbidity. Five surveys of 260 refugee children from three countries yielded a prevalence of 11% (7-17%) for post-traumatic stress disorder. Larger and more rigorous surveys reported lower prevalence rates than did studies with less optimum designs, but heterogeneity persisted even in findings from the larger studies. Refugees resettled in western countries could be about ten times more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder than age-matched general populations in those countries. Worldwide, tens of thousands of refugees and former refugees resettled in western countries probably have post-traumatic stress disorder.
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              Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: a population-based study.

              What are the deleterious effects of mass trauma on the psychological wellbeing of refugees and other war-affected populations? Most epidemiological data are for short-to-medium term effects, leaving the possibility that early psychological reactions could reduce naturally over time. We aimed to assess the long-term effects of trauma on mental health and disability in Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia. In a population-based study, we identified a community sample of 1413 adult Vietnamese from census collection areas in Sydney, Australia. Participants were interviewed by trained bilingual workers who administered questionnaires to assess the frequency of international classification of disease, version 10 (ICD-10) mental disorders in the 12 months before interview; psychiatric symptoms, by use of a culturally-sensitive symptom measure; exposure to psychologically traumatic events; disability and use of health services; and social, economic, and cultural factors since migration. We did multivariate analyses with adjustment for stressors since migration to establish the risk factors for mental illness. 1161 (82%) adults completed the interview. Mean length of residence in Australia was 11.2 years (SD 14.4) and mean time since the most severe traumatic event was 14.8 years (SD 10.8). 95 (8%) and 75 (7%) of participants had mental disorders defined by ICD-10 and the culturally-sensitive measure, respectively. Trauma exposure was the most important predictor of mental health status. Risk of mental illness fell consistently across time. However, people who had been exposed to more than three trauma events (199) had heightened risk of mental illness (23, [12%]) after 10 years compared with people with no trauma exposure (13, [3%]) (odds ratio 4.7, p<0.0001, 95% CI 2.3-9.5). Most Vietnamese refugees were free from overt mental ill health. Trauma-related mental illness seemed to reduce steadily over time, but a subgroup of people with a high degree of exposure to trauma had long-term psychiatric morbidity. Our findings support the need to develop specialised mental health services to reduce disability in refugees whose exposure to extreme trauma puts them at risk of chronic psychiatric disability.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                0212-9728
                1695-2294
                2019
                : 35
                : 3
                : 483-489
                Affiliations
                [1] Quito orgnameUniversidad Andina Simón Bolívar orgdiv1Programa Andino de Derechos Humanos Ecuador
                [4] orgnameHospital Universitario “Ramón y Cajal" Spain
                [3] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Psicología Spain
                [2] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Málaga orgdiv1Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia Spain
                Article
                S0212-97282019000300015 S0212-9728(19)03500300015
                10.6018/analesps.35.3.315401
                64eca643-ec8c-414a-b97d-23adc5489c68

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 December 2017
                : 21 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Social and Organizational Psychology

                post-traumatic stress disorder,word-steam completion task,desplazamiento forzado,forced displacement,perceptual priming,trastorno por estrés postraumático,compleción de raíces de palabras,priming perceptivo

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