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      Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Pakistan among health care workers

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , * , 3
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine will impart a pivotal role in eradicating the virus. In Pakistan, health care workers (HCWs) are the first group to receive vaccination. This survey aimed at the level of acceptance to the COVID-19 vaccine and predictors of non-acceptance in HCWs.

          Method

          This was a cross-sectional study design and data were collected through 3rd December 2020 and February 14th, 2021. An English questionnaire was distributed through social media platforms and administration of affiliate hospitals along with snowball sampling for private hospitals.

          Results

          Out of 5,237 responses, 3,679 (70.2%) accepted COVID-19 vaccination and 1,284 (24.5%) wanted to delay until more data was available. Only 5.2% of HCWs rejected being vaccinated. Vaccine acceptance was more in young (76%) and female gender (63.3%) who worked in a tertiary care hospital (51.2%) and were direct patient care providers (61.3%). The reason for rejection in females was doubtful vaccine effectiveness (31.48%) while males rejected due to prior COVID-19 exposure (42.19%) and side effect profile of the vaccine (33.17%). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated age between 51–60 years, female gender, Pashtuns, those working in the specialty of medicine and allied, taking direct care of COVID-19 patients, higher education, and prior COVID-19 infection as the predictors for acceptance or rejection of COVID-19 vaccine.

          Conclusion

          In conclusion, this survey suggests that early on in a vaccination drive, majority of the HCWs in Pakistan are willing to be vaccinated and only a small number of participants would actually reject being vaccinated.

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          Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

          Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales, Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina, Estefanía Gutiérrez-Ocampo … (2020)
          Introduction An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 in China leading to a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Clinical, laboratory, and imaging features have been partially characterized in some observational studies. No systematic reviews on COVID-19 have been published to date. Methods We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess clinical, laboratory, imaging features, and outcomes of COVID-19 confirmed cases. Observational studies and also case reports, were included, and analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate pooled prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results 660 articles were retrieved for the time frame (1/1/2020-2/23/2020). After screening, 27 articles were selected for full-text assessment, 19 being finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Additionally, 39 case report articles were included and analyzed separately. For 656 patients, fever (88.7%, 95%CI 84.5–92.9%), cough (57.6%, 95%CI 40.8–74.4%) and dyspnea (45.6%, 95%CI 10.9–80.4%) were the most prevalent manifestations. Among the patients, 20.3% (95%CI 10.0–30.6%) required intensive care unit (ICU), 32.8% presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (95%CI 13.7–51.8), 6.2% (95%CI 3.1–9.3) with shock. Some 13.9% (95%CI 6.2–21.5%) of hospitalized patients had fatal outcomes (case fatality rate, CFR). Conclusion COVID-19 brings a huge burden to healthcare facilities, especially in patients with comorbidities. ICU was required for approximately 20% of polymorbid, COVID-19 infected patients and hospitalization was associated with a CFR of >13%. As this virus spreads globally, countries need to urgently prepare human resources, infrastructure and facilities to treat severe COVID-19.
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            COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

            Malik Sallam (2021)
            Utility of vaccine campaigns to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is not merely dependent on vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccine acceptance among the general public and healthcare workers appears to have a decisive role in the successful control of the pandemic. The aim of this review was to provide an up-to-date assessment of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance rates worldwide. A systematic search of the peer-reviewed English survey literature indexed in PubMed was done on 25 December 2020. Results from 31 peer-reviewed published studies met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 vaccine acceptance estimates. Survey studies on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found from 33 different countries. Among adults representing the general public, the highest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Ecuador (97.0%), Malaysia (94.3%), Indonesia (93.3%) and China (91.3%). However, the lowest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Kuwait (23.6%), Jordan (28.4%), Italy (53.7), Russia (54.9%), Poland (56.3%), US (56.9%), and France (58.9%). Only eight surveys among healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) were found, with vaccine acceptance rates ranging from 27.7% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to 78.1% in Israel. In the majority of survey studies among the general public stratified per country (29/47, 62%), the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination showed a level of ≥70%. Low rates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance were reported in the Middle East, Russia, Africa and several European countries. This could represent a major problem in the global efforts to control the current COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are recommended to address the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Such studies are particularly needed in the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Middle and South America. Addressing the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in various countries is recommended as an initial step for building trust in COVID-19 vaccination efforts.
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              More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

              Sandra López-León, Talia Wegman-Ostrosky, Carol Perelman … (2021)
              COVID-19 can involve persistence, sequelae, and other medical complications that last weeks to months after initial recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to identify studies assessing the long-term effects of COVID-19. LitCOVID and Embase were searched to identify articles with original data published before the 1st of January 2021, with a minimum of 100 patients. For effects reported in two or more studies, meta-analyses using a random-effects model were performed using the MetaXL software to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% CI. PRISMA guidelines were followed. A total of 18,251 publications were identified, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of 55 long-term effects was estimated, 21 meta-analyses were performed, and 47,910 patients were included (age 17–87 years). The included studies defined long-COVID as ranging from 14 to 110 days post-viral infection. It was estimated that 80% of the infected patients with SARS-CoV-2 developed one or more long-term symptoms. The five most common symptoms were fatigue (58%), headache (44%), attention disorder (27%), hair loss (25%), and dyspnea (24%). Multi-disciplinary teams are crucial to developing preventive measures, rehabilitation techniques, and clinical management strategies with whole-patient perspectives designed to address long COVID-19 care.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Asmara Malik:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-7689
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jahanzeb Malik:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-4187
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Uzma Ishaq: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                Ramesh Kumar: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 September 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 September 2021
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0257237
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Community Medicine, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
                [2 ] Department of Cardiology, Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
                [3 ] Department of Hematology, Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
                Health Services Academy Islamabad Pakistan, PAKISTAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist associated with this publication, and there has been no significant financial support for this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-7689
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-4187
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-21-06956
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257237
                PMC ID: 8443053
                PubMed ID: 34525110
                SO-VID: 6500686d-1573-4f1c-b3d5-367c68c77e26
                Copyright © © 2021 Malik et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 3 March 2021
                Date accepted : 27 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 11
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Disease Control
                Subject: Vaccines
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: Covid 19
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Preventive Medicine
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Asia
                Subject: Pakistan
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: Medical Personnel
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Disease Control
                Subject: Vaccines
                Subject: Viral Vaccines
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Virology
                Subject: Viral Vaccines
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Communications
                Subject: Social Communication
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Network Analysis
                Subject: Social Networks
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Social Networks
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Ethnicities
                Subject: Asian People
                Subject: Pashtun People
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All the data presented in this manuscript is the copyright of Foundation University and there is legal restriction for sharing data publically by the Foundation University Ethical Review Committee (Number: FFH/51/DCA/2020). All HCW’s and other staff working in the University come under the employment of Fauji Foundation Head Quarters which abides by non-sharing of any anonymized or non-anonymized information about their employees. Data can be requested by contacting the Foundation University Ethical Review Committee from Dr. Ameer Amal, Department of Pathology, Foundation University Medical College Email: registrar@ 123456fui.edu.pk .
                Outbreaks COVID-19

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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