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      Powerline right-of-way management and flower-visiting insects: How vegetation management can promote pollinator diversity

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          Abstract

          Loss in the availability of early successional habitat is a threat to pollinator populations. Given that powerline rights-of-way (ROW) must be managed to maintain early successional habitat, preventing vegetation from interfering with electrical lines, they have the potential to provide conservation benefits for wild pollinators. Moreover, it is possible to provide conservation benefits with no additional cost to land managers. We surveyed flower-visiting insects over two years in different vegetation management treatments in a long-term research ROW to determine which best promoted pollinator abundance and species richness. We found that the ROW had stabilized in an early successional state soon after its establishment and that this early successional state could be maintained with low levels of periodic maintenance. We collected a high diversity of flower-visiting insects (126 bee species and 179 non-bee morphospecies) in six ROW plots. Higher levels of herbicide application had a negative effect on bee species richness, but low levels of herbicide application were compatible with a high abundance and species richness of flower-visiting insects, including several rare species. Moreover, this effect was seen only in the bee community, and not in non-bee flower-visiting insects. Our results suggest further research into the conservation value of ROW for pollinators is warranted. We demonstrate that there is substantial potential for pollinator conservation in ROW, compatible with low-cost vegetation management.

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          Most cited references42

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          Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers.

          Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. There is clear evidence of recent declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and parallel declines in the plants that rely upon them. Here we describe the nature and extent of reported declines, and review the potential drivers of pollinator loss, including habitat loss and fragmentation, agrochemicals, pathogens, alien species, climate change and the interactions between them. Pollinator declines can result in loss of pollination services which have important negative ecological and economic impacts that could significantly affect the maintenance of wild plant diversity, wider ecosystem stability, crop production, food security and human welfare. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies

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              Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4

              Maximum likelihood or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of the parameters in linear mixed-effects models can be determined using the lmer function in the lme4 package for R. As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer. 51 pages, including R code, and an appendix
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 January 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 1
                : e0245146
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
                [2 ] Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
                [3 ] Independent Researcher, State College, PA, United States of America
                [4 ] Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
                [5 ] Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, PA, United States of America
                University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: We received funding from commercial sources: DOW Agro Industries, Asplundh, First Energy, and PECO Energy. These funders did not place any restrictions on the publication of data. This funding does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7343-9837
                Article
                PONE-D-20-14623
                10.1371/journal.pone.0245146
                7787533
                33406124
                650a0731-476d-4f81-9186-a5c7bd17f103
                © 2021 Russo et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 May 2020
                : 22 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000121, Division of Mathematical Sciences;
                Award ID: 1313115
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007601, Horizon 2020;
                Award ID: FOMN-705287
                Award Recipient :
                This research was funded by and in collaboration with Penn State Altoona, Frost Entomological Museum, Penn State Extension, DOW Agro Industries, Asplundh, First Energy, and PECO Energy. L. Russo was funded by NSF grant (DMS-1313115) and a Marie Curie Fellowship (FOMN-705287).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agrochemicals
                Herbicides
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Honey Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Honey Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Bees
                Honey Bees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Flowering Plants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Flowers
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. The raw data are available in Appendix 2.

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                Uncategorized

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