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      First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface

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      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 5 , * , 5 , 1 , 6 , 7 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 12 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 4
      Science Advances
      American Association for the Advancement of Science

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          Abstract

          The first measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface are reported in preparation for human exploration of the Moon.

          Abstract

          Human exploration of the Moon is associated with substantial risks to astronauts from space radiation. On the surface of the Moon, this consists of the chronic exposure to galactic cosmic rays and sporadic solar particle events. The interaction of this radiation field with the lunar soil leads to a third component that consists of neutral particles, i.e., neutrons and gamma radiation. The Lunar Lander Neutrons and Dosimetry experiment aboard China’s Chang’E 4 lander has made the first ever measurements of the radiation exposure to both charged and neutral particles on the lunar surface. We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour and a neutral particle dose rate of 3.1 ± 0.5 μGy/hour.

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          Cancer risk from exposure to galactic cosmic rays: implications for space exploration by human beings.

          Space programmes are shifting toward planetary exploration, and in particular towards missions by human beings to the moon and Mars. However, exposure to space radiation is an important barrier to exploration of the solar system by human beings because of the biological effects of high-energy heavy ions. These ions have a high charge and energy, are the main contributors to radiation risk in deep space, and their biological effects are understood poorly. Predictions of the nature and magnitude of risks posed by exposure to radiation in space are subject to many uncertainties. In recent years, worldwide efforts have focussed on an increased understanding of the oncogenic potential of galactic cosmic rays. A review of the new results in this specialty will be presented here.
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            Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the Galactic Cosmic Rays

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              Space Radiation and Human Exposures, A Primer.

              The space radiation environment is a complex field comprised primarily of charged particles spanning energies over many orders of magnitude. The principal sources of these particles are galactic cosmic rays, the Sun and the trapped radiation belts around the earth. Superimposed on a steady influx of cosmic rays and a steady outward flux of low-energy solar wind are short-term ejections of higher energy particles from the Sun and an 11-year variation of solar luminosity that modulates cosmic ray intensity. Human health risks are estimated from models of the radiation environment for various mission scenarios, the shielding of associated vehicles and the human body itself. Transport models are used to propagate the ambient radiation fields through realistic shielding levels and materials to yield radiation field models inside spacecraft. Then, informed by radiobiological experiments and epidemiology studies, estimates are made for various outcome measures associated with impairments of biological processes, losses of function or mortality. Cancer-associated risks have been formulated in a probabilistic model while management of non-cancer risks are based on permissible exposure limits. This article focuses on the various components of the space radiation environment and the human exposures that it creates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                SciAdv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                September 2020
                25 September 2020
                : 6
                : 39
                : eaaz1334
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
                [2 ]Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing, PR China.
                [3 ]University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, PR China.
                [4 ]Key Laboratory of Environmental Space Situation Awareness Technology, Beijing, PR China.
                [5 ]Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
                [6 ]National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
                [7 ]Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
                [8 ]University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China.
                [9 ]CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, PR China.
                [10 ]Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, Beijing, PR China.
                [11 ]China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, PR China.
                [12 ]German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
                [13 ]18th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Tianjin, PR China.
                [14 ]BeiHang University, Beijing, PR China.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: wimmer@ 123456physik.uni-kiel.de
                [†]

                Present address: Bosch Sensortec GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-0349
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7388-173X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-1560
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6991-9398
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-1747
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5955-1905
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3086-9842
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-3200
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9295-612X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8707-076X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-4776
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-7849
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-1439
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3319-5740
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-0143
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2223-3580
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-9334
                Article
                aaz1334
                10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334
                7518862
                32978156
                6524a3b1-599b-4ae7-9cfc-2c30eecdf1c4
                Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 August 2019
                : 12 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009592, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission;
                Award ID: Z181100002918003
                Funded by: NSFC;
                Award ID: 41941001
                Funded by: Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;
                Award ID: XDPB11
                Funded by: Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;
                Award ID: QYZDB-SSW-DQC015
                Funded by: DLR;
                Award ID: 50 JR 1604
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles
                SciAdv r-articles
                Planetary Science
                Planetary Science
                Custom metadata
                Eunice Ann Alesin

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