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      • Record: found
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      Is Open Access

      Predictors of Vascular Cognitive Impairment Poststroke in a Middle Eastern (Bahrain) Cohort: A Proposed Case-Control Comparison

      research-article
      Author(s): , BSc, RN, MA, DipStat, PhD 1 , , , BCh, BAO, MB, MSc 2 , , MD 2 , , MD 2 , , MD 2 , , PhD 3 , , PhD, MD 3 , , MD 2 , , PhD 4
      Editor(s):
      Other contributor(s): (Reviewer), (Reviewer), (Reviewer)
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: JMIR Research Protocols
      Publisher: JMIR Publications
      Keywords: stroke, cognition, vascular dementia, assessment, biomarkers, protocol

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          Abstract

          Background

          Poststroke dementia and cognitive impairment are associated with poor long-term outcomes after stroke. The contribution of genetic factors such as the presence of apolipoprotein (ApoE) ɛ4 allele and its association with cognitive impairment poststroke remains inconclusive, particularly in Middle Eastern regions.

          Objective

          The aim of this study is to examine all correlates and potential predictors of cognitive impairment including self-awareness and regulation deficits in stroke patients and compare these functions with healthy older adults from a Middle Eastern population.

          Methods

          A prospective stroke sample of 200 patients (case group) and 100 healthy aging individuals (control group) will be recruited from the largest medical complex in Bahrain. A neuropsychological battery of cognitive assessments (global, executive, and metacognition) will be conducted on all participants. Participants will be categorized into 4 subgroups (nonvascular cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia) using standardized cognitive assessment scores and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, dementia criteria. Biomarkers will include ApoE genotype, soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products, neprilysin, beta-secretase 1, biochemistry, and hematology measurements.

          Results

          The primary study outcome is to determine early risk factors for cognitive impairment after stroke in a Bahraini cohort. The study has received full ethical approval from the Bahrain Ministry of Health and from the affiliated university.

          Conclusions

          With increasing stroke incidence rates in the Middle East, this research study will provide useful biological and epidemiological data for future development and planning of health policies and guidelines for stroke care within the Gulf region.

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          Most cited references42

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          How Many Subjects Does It Take To Do A Regression Analysis.

          S Green (1991)
          Numerous rules-of-thumb have been suggested for determining the minimum number of subjects required to conduct multiple regression analyses. These rules-of-thumb are evaluated by comparing their results against those based on power analyses for tests of hypotheses of multiple and partial correlations. The results did not support the use of rules-of-thumb that simply specify some constant (e.g., 100 subjects) as the minimum number of subjects or a minimum ratio of number of subjects (N) to number of predictors (m). Some support was obtained for a rule-of-thumb that N ≥ 50 + 8 m for the multiple correlation and N ≥104 + m for the partial correlation. However, the rule-of-thumb for the multiple correlation yields values too large for N when m ≥ 7, and both rules-of-thumb assume all studies have a medium-size relationship between criterion and predictors. Accordingly, a slightly more complex rule-of thumb is introduced that estimates minimum sample size as function of effect size as well as the number of predictors. It is argued that researchers should use methods to determine sample size that incorporate effect size.
          Article 0 comments Cited 639 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study.

            K Aho, P Harmsen, S Hatano … (1980)
            In a cooperative study coordinated by WHO, stroke was registered between 1971 and 1974 in 17 centres both in developing and developed countries. A common operating protocol was used to obtain comparable data. Age-adjusted incidence of stroke shows moderate geographical variations, cerebrovascular accidents being common in all the contrasting populations studied in various parts of the world. Data were also obtained on the types of management of stroke patients, their survival rates, and functional prognosis. Control of hypertension, although known to be effective in the prevention of stroke, seemed to be insufficient in most countries. It is concluded that stroke registers may be used as a source of information for the planning and implementation of stroke control programmes in the community.
            Article 0 comments Cited 257 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Cognitive impairment after stroke: frequency, patterns, and relationship to functional abilities.

              T K Tatemichi, D W Desmond, Y Stern … (1994)
              Cognitive function was examined in 227 patients three months after admission to hospital for ischaemic stroke, and in 240 stroke-free controls, using 17 scored items that assessed memory, orientation, verbal skills, visuospatial ability, abstract reasoning, and attentional skills. After adjusting for demographic factors with standardised residual scores in all subjects, the fifth percentile was used for controls as the criterion for failure on each item. The mean (SD) number of failed items was 3.4 (3.6) for patients with stroke and 0.8 (1.3) for controls (p 40). It is concluded that cognitive impairment occurs frequently after stroke, commonly involving memory, orientation, language, and attention. The presence of cognitive impairment in patients with strike has important functional consequences, independent of the effects of physical impairment. Studies of stroke outcome and intervention should take into account both cognitive and physical impairments.
              Article 0 comments Cited 161 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Claire Donnellan:
                School of Nursing and MidwiferyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Dublin, Trinity College2 Clare StreetDublinIreland353 1 8964109353 1 8963001cdonnel@tcd.ie
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-9407
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JMIR Res Protoc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ResProt
                Title: JMIR Research Protocols
                Publisher: JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1929-0748
                Publication date Collection: Oct-Dec 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 November 2016
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e223
                Affiliations
                [1] 1School of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences University of Dublin, Trinity College DublinIreland
                [2] 2Department of Clinical Neurosciences Salmaniya Medical Complex SalmaniyaBahrain
                [3] 3Department of Molecular Medicine Princess Al Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases SalmaniyaBahrain
                [4] 4School of Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland–Bahrain BusaiteenBahrain
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Claire Donnellan cdonnel@ 123456tcd.ie
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-9407
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-1838
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-8869
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-8849
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-3387
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0726-6488
                Article
                Publisher ID: v5i4e223
                DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5903
                PMC ID: 5153534
                PubMed ID: 27895004
                SO-VID: 6539ac8e-dd7d-42d7-b5b5-2fe4626b114f
                Copyright © ©Claire Donnellan, Mona Al Banna, Noor Redha, Adel Al Jishi, Isa Al Sharoqi, Safa Taha, Moiz Bakhiet, Fatema Abdulla, Patrick Walsh. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 28.11.2016.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                Date received : 25 April 2016
                Date revision requested : 14 July 2016
                Date revision received : 19 August 2016
                Date accepted : 3 September 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Protocol
                Subject: Protocol

                Keywords: stroke,cognition,vascular dementia,assessment,biomarkers,protocol
                Data availability:
                Keywords: stroke, cognition, vascular dementia, assessment, biomarkers, protocol

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