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      The Use of Incremental Peritoneal Dialysis in a Large Contemporary Peritoneal Dialysis Program

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          Abstract

          Background:

          The use of an incremental peritoneal dialysis (PD) strategy in a large contemporary patient population has not been described.

          Objective:

          We report the use of this strategy in clinical practice, the prescriptions required, and the clearances achieved in a large center which has routinely used this approach for more than 10 years.

          Design:

          This is a cross-sectional observational study.

          Setting:

          A single large Canadian academic center.

          Patients:

          This study collected data on 124 prevalent PD patients at a single Canadian academic center.

          Methods and Measurements:

          The proportion of patients who achieve the clearance target on a low clearance or incremental PD prescription; the actual PD prescriptions and consequent total, peritoneal, and renal urea clearances [Kt/V] achieved; and patient and technique survival and peritonitis rate in comparison with national and international reports.

          Results:

          Of the 124 prevalent PD patients in this PD unit, 106 (86%) were achieving the Kt/V target, and of these, 54 (44% of all patients) were doing so using incremental PD prescriptions. Fifty of these incremental PD patients were using automated PD (APD) with either no day dwell (68%) or less than 7 days a week treatment (12%) or both (20%). Patient survival in our PD unit was not different from that reported in Canada as a whole. Peritonitis rates were better than internationally recommended standards.

          Limitations:

          This is an observational study with no randomized control group.

          Conclusions:

          Incremental PD is feasible in a contemporary PD population treated mainly with APD. Almost half of the patients were able to achieve clearance targets while receiving less onerous and less costly low clearance prescriptions. We suggest that incremental PD should be widely used as a cost-effective strategy in PD.

          Translated abstract

          Mise en contexte:

          L’utilisation de stratégies de dialyse péritonéale (DP) incrémentale au sein d’une grande population contemporaine n’a pas encore été bien documentée.

          Objectifs de l’étude:

          Cette étude est un compte rendu de l’utilisation de telles stratégies en pratique clinique, des prescriptions exigées ainsi que des clairances atteintes au sein des grands centres hospitaliers ayant intégré cette approche dans leur programme de soins depuis plus de dix ans.

          Cadre et type d’étude:

          Une étude observationnelle transversale qui s’est tenue dans un seul grand centre hospitalier universitaire au Canada.

          Patients:

          L’étude a porté sur un total de 124 patients prévalents pour la dialyse péritonéale dans un centre hospitalier universitaire canadien.

          Méthodologie:

          On a mesuré la proportion de patients ayant atteint les valeurs cibles de clairance rénale à la suite d’une ordonnance pour une dialyse péritonéale supplémentaire. On a également répertorié le nombre de prescriptions de dialyse péritonéales et conséquemment, les valeurs de clairance d’urée totale, péritonéale et rénale atteintes (Kt/V). Les taux de survie des patients, les taux de péritonites ainsi que les taux de succès de la procédure ont été comparés aux valeurs rapportées au niveau national ainsi qu’à l’international.

          Résultats:

          De la cohorte de 124 patients prévalents pour la dialyse péritonéale recensés dans l’unité de dialyse étudiée, 106 (86%) ont atteint la cible de Kt/V et de ceux-ci, 54 patients (44%) y sont parvenus par la prescription d’une dialyse péritonéale incrémentale. De ces 54 patients sous DP incrémentale, 50 étaient traités par dialyse péritonéale automatisée (DPA) tous les jours (68%), quelques jours par semaine (12%) ou les deux (20%). Les taux de survie des patients dans l’unité de dialyse étudiée ne présentaient aucune différence significative lorsque comparés au taux rapporté dans tout le Canada. Les taux de péritonites se sont avérés meilleurs que les standards recommandés à l’international.

          Limites de l’étude:

          Le fait que cette étude observationnelle n’ait pas été contrôlée de façon aléatoire par un groupe témoin constitue une limite.

          Conclusions:

          La dialyse péritonéale incrémentale est possible dans une population contemporaine de patients traités principalement par DPA. Près de la moitié des patients ont pu atteindre les valeurs cibles de clairance tout en recevant des prescriptions de faible clairance moins complexes et moins coûteuses. Nous suggérons que la DP incrémentale devrait être plus largement utilisée comme stratégie économique de dialyse péritonéale.

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          Most cited references23

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          A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis.

          In clinical practice, there is considerable variation in the timing of the initiation of maintenance dialysis for patients with stage V chronic kidney disease, with a worldwide trend toward early initiation. In this study, conducted at 32 centers in Australia and New Zealand, we examined whether the timing of the initiation of maintenance dialysis influenced survival among patients with chronic kidney disease. We randomly assigned patients 18 years of age or older with progressive chronic kidney disease and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 10.0 and 15.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area (calculated with the use of the Cockcroft-Gault equation) to planned initiation of dialysis when the estimated GFR was 10.0 to 14.0 ml per minute (early start) or when the estimated GFR was 5.0 to 7.0 ml per minute (late start). The primary outcome was death from any cause. Between July 2000 and November 2008, a total of 828 adults (mean age, 60.4 years; 542 men and 286 women; 355 with diabetes) underwent randomization, with a median time to the initiation of dialysis of 1.80 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60 to 2.23) in the early-start group and 7.40 months (95% CI, 6.23 to 8.27) in the late-start group. A total of 75.9% of the patients in the late-start group initiated dialysis when the estimated GFR was above the target of 7.0 ml per minute, owing to the development of symptoms. During a median follow-up period of 3.59 years, 152 of 404 patients in the early-start group (37.6%) and 155 of 424 in the late-start group (36.6%) died (hazard ratio with early initiation, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.30; P=0.75). There was no significant difference between the groups in the frequency of adverse events (cardiovascular events, infections, or complications of dialysis). In this study, planned early initiation of dialysis in patients with stage V chronic kidney disease was not associated with an improvement in survival or clinical outcomes. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, 12609000266268.)
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            Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study.

            Studies of the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis and recommendations have assumed that renal and peritoneal clearances are comparable and therefore additive. The CANUSA data were reanalyzed in an effort to address this assumption. Among the 680 patients in the original CANUSA study, 601 had all of the variables of interest for this report. Adequacy of dialysis was estimated from GFR (mean of renal urea and creatinine clearance) and from peritoneal creatinine clearance. The Cox proportional-hazards model was used to evaluate the time-dependent association of these independent variables with patient survival. For each 5 L/wk per 1.73 m(2) increment in GFR, there was a 12% decrease in the relative risk (RR) of death (RR, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.94) but no association with peritoneal creatinine clearance (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.10). Estimates of fluid removal (24-h urine volume, net peritoneal ultrafiltration, and total fluid removal) then were added to the Cox model. For a 250-ml increment in urine volume, there was a 36% decrease in the RR of death (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.80). The association of patient survival with GFR disappeared (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.04). However, neither net peritoneal ultrafiltration nor total fluid removal was associated with patient survival. Although these results may be explained partly, statistically, by less variability in peritoneal clearance than in GFR, the latter seems to be physiologically more important than the former. The assumption of equivalence of peritoneal and renal clearances is not supported by these data. Recommendations for adequate peritoneal dialysis need to be reevaluated in light of these observations.
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              Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

              Small-solute clearance targets for peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been based on the tacit assumption that peritoneal and renal clearances are equivalent and therefore additive. Although several studies have established that patient survival is directly correlated with renal clearances, there have been no randomized, controlled, interventional trials examining the effects of increases in peritoneal small-solute clearances on patient survival. A prospective, randomized, controlled, clinical trial was performed to study the effects of increased peritoneal small-solute clearances on clinical outcomes among patients with end-stage renal disease who were being treated with PD. A total of 965 subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group (in a 1:1 ratio). Subjects in the control group continued to receive their preexisting PD prescriptions, which consisted of four daily exchanges with 2 L of standard PD solution. The subjects in the intervention group were treated with a modified prescription, to achieve a peritoneal creatinine clearance (pCrCl) of 60 L/wk per 1.73 m(2). The primary endpoint was death. The minimal follow-up period was 2 yr. The study groups were similar with respect to demographic characteristics, causes of renal disease, prevalence of coexisting conditions, residual renal function, peritoneal clearances before intervention, hematocrit values, and multiple indicators of nutritional status. In the control group, peritoneal creatinine clearance (pCrCl) and peritoneal urea clearance (Kt/V) values remained constant for the duration of the study. In the intervention group, pCrCl and peritoneal Kt/V values predictably increased and remained separated from the values for the control group for the entire duration of the study (P < 0.01). Patient survival was similar for the control and intervention groups in an intent-to-treat analysis, with a relative risk of death (intervention/control) of 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80 to 1.24]. Overall, the control group exhibited a 1-yr survival of 85.5% (CI, 82.2 to 88.7%) and a 2-yr survival of 68.3% (CI, 64.2 to 72.9%). Similarly, the intervention group exhibited a 1-yr survival of 83.9% (CI, 80.6 to 87.2%) and a 2-yr survival of 69.3% (CI, 65.1 to 73.6%). An as-treated analysis revealed similar results (overall relative risk = 0.93; CI, 0.71 to 1.22; P = 0.6121). Mortality rates for the two groups remained similar even after adjustment for factors known to be associated with survival for patients undergoing PD (e.g., age, diabetes mellitus, serum albumin levels, normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance, and anuria). This study provides evidence that increases in peritoneal small-solute clearances within the range studied have a neutral effect on patient survival, even when the groups are stratified according to a variety of factors (age, diabetes mellitus, serum albumin levels, normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance, and anuria) known to affect survival. No clear survival advantage was obtained with increases in peritoneal small-solute clearances within the range achieved in this study.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                13 December 2016
                2016
                : 3
                : 2054358116679131
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Peter G. Blake, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5W9. Email: peter.blake@ 123456lhsc.on.ca
                Article
                10.1177_2054358116679131
                10.1177/2054358116679131
                5518964
                653f49b0-33dd-475d-8d20-e6a332fc8465
                © The Author(s) 2016

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 17 August 2016
                : 23 September 2016
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2016

                incremental peritoneal dialysis,kt/v,peritoneal clearance,automated peritoneal dialysis

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